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Patho Flashcards

1
Q

CO

A

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood that is pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute

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2
Q

SNS

A

Sympathetic Nervous system

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3
Q

μm

A

Micrometer

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4
Q

Beta 1

A

Think the heart. (there is only 1)
Causes the heart to be faster, harder/more forcefull and the signal travels faster
Primary survival response
Epinephrine is almost fully beta-1

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5
Q

Beta 2

A

Think the lungs. (there are 2 lungs)
Bronchodilates, increase resp. rate, increase resp. volume
albuterol has beta 2 in it

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6
Q

Cardiac preload

A

The pressure under which a ventricle fills is preload

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7
Q

Cardiac afterload

A

Afterload is the force against which the ventricles must contract to eject blood

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8
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

is the powerful energy source of the body and used to drive chemical reactions

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Building larger substances from smaller substances such as building proteins from amino acids

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10
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue death

  • Can happen from long-standing hypoxemia
  • Dry gangrene
  • Fat necrosis
  • Liquification
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11
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of a solvent (water) from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

  • in the picture, water can move in and out but the molecules cannot. so because more molecules are outside the cell the water will leave the cell and make it shrink in sizing.
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12
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

it prevents water from leaving a cell.

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13
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

has a greater concentration of sodium than does the cell. Water is drawn out of the cell, and the cell may collapse from the increased extracellular osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

has a lower concentration of sodium than does the cell. Water flows into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst from the increased intracellular osmotic pressure.

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15
Q

SV

A

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle in a single cardiac contraction (heartbeat).

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16
Q

D.I.C.

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

First stage is where a lot of clotting happens but is quickly being broken down. This causes a lot of clotting factors to be use

Second stage is severe bleeding due to reduced clotting factors

Mortality rate of DIC is around 60% - 65%

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17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Part of the inflammatory process and responsible for combating microorganisms that breach the epidermal layer (skin)

page 265

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18
Q

Thrombocyte

A

aka Platelets
Key component in the formation of clots or coagulation

page 335

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19
Q

Erythrocyte

A

aka Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Carry the largest amount of oxygen to tissues

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power house/plants of the cell”
Creates ATP

page 243

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21
Q

Thymus

A

Located in the mediastinum just behind the sternum
Helps the immune system identify and destroy foreign intruders

page 328

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22
Q

Tonsils

A

Helps filter bacteria and other foreign materials, especially from the mouth or nose

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23
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low potassium level

More stimulation needed to fire nerve/muscle cells

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24
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High potassium level

Less stimulation needed to fire nerve/muscle cells

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25
Hypernatremia
High sodium level | Shrinking of cells caused by excessive water loss
26
Ejection fraction
The amount of blood returning to the right atrium varies somewhat from minute to minute, a normal heart continues to pump the same percentage of blood returned, a measure called the ejection fraction (EF) Page 1583
27
Angiogenesis
Growth of new blood vessels
28
Diabetes mellitus 1 & 2
1 is when insulin is not produced at all and pts are insulin-dependent. Pt cannot make insulin on their own 2 is when pt is not insulin-dependent. Pt can make insulin on their own
29
IgM
Immunoglobulin M Is the initial antibody formed in most infections Accounts for 5% to 10% of the antibodies in the blood and is the dominant antibody of ABO (blood type) incompatibilities.
30
Fibrinolysis
The process of dissolving blood clots Clot dissolving portion of coagulation Activated to dissolve the fibrin Break down of fibrin in blood clots and prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots
31
Sodium levels
136 - 146 mEq/L | When it snows they salt i-35 and i-45
32
Chloride levels
96 - 106 mEq/L | Take a ride to the pool when it's 96-106 degrees
33
Potassium levels
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L | Pre K to kindergarten are 3-5 years old
34
Calcium level
9 - 11 mg/dL | Cal 911
35
M.O.D.S.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 2 or more organ or organ systems affected It is when organs are without oxygen for a certain amount of time they die and there is extremely small way to reverse MODS
36
Carpopedal spasm
Contorted position in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner. May result from hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, resp. alkalosis
37
Hyponatremia
Low sodium level Swelling of cells S&S muscle weakness, cramps, coma, convulsions
38
Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium level Occurs as a result of kidney insufficiency. The body is unable to remove the magnesium taken in from food or drugs. Lethargic, bit of shortness of breath, very little reflexes
39
Islets of Langerhans
Groups of specialized cells located in the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
40
Hypothalamus
An area of the diencephalon (middle part of the brain) that is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system; responsible for control of many body functions, including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of the sleep cycle
41
Thyroid
Produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate-controlling heart, muscle and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance, temp
42
Frank Starling law
When the heart is stretched it contracts harder | Think sarcomere
43
Magnesium levels
1.3 - 2.1 | Chick magnet from 13 - 21
44
Nucleus
Genetic material is stored in the nucleus Control center of the cell Responsible for cell reproduction
45
pH
Negative logarithmic accumulation of the hydrogen ion Acid / Base measurement. Normal is 7.35 - 7.45
46
Edema
Occurs when there is an increase pressure of the venous vessels to where the arterial side cannot move fluid. This causes fluid to leak out of the vessels into the interstitial space
47
Net filtration
Total amount of pressure that causes fluid to go through a filter. Filter can be capillary beds, alveoli, ect.
48
Golgi apparatus
Membranous structure that resemble a stack of pancakes; found near the nucleus and serves to package and export proteins
49
Endoplasmic reticulum
Connected to the nuclear (nucleus) membrane and the cell membrane Move substances and proteins through the cell Plays a part in the detoxification process
50
Anaphylactic shock
Aka anaphylaxis Widespread dilation of vessels. Blood pools since the container got bigger than the amount of fluid Wheezing, urticaria, swelling Treatment: Epinephrine
51
Septic shock
Aka sepsis Fluid leaks out of the vascular system and causes low fluid in the container, bad infection in the blood Warm hot skin, elevated core temp, hypotension, difficulty breathing, rapid weak pulse, shallow rapid respirations Treatment: complex hospital management, including antibiotics, ventilators support
52
Neurogenic shock
Spinal cord injury of cervical or thoracic spine Loss of sympathetic nervous system and vasodilation occur Bradycardia, low BP, signs of neck/spine injury Treatment: IV fluids, vasopressors, steroids
53
Hypovolemic shock
Aka burn shock, blood or fluid loss The circulating blood is insufficient in adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body. Exogenous Hypovolemic shock - open wound blood loss or plasma loss from diarrhea or vomiting Endogenous hypovolemic shock - blood/fluid loss contained in the body Bleeding, burns, fast HR, low BP Treatment: ABCs. Control the bleeding, keep airway open, keep pt warm, fluids, surgery
54
Cardiogenic shock
Heart can out circulate enough blood to the body Caused by a loss of 40% or more of the heart muscle due to shock, surgery, cardiac arrest, ventricular wall rupture, ventricular aneurysm Chest pain, irregular pulse, weak pulse, low BP, cyanosis, cool, clammy, mottled or flushed skin, anxiety, Arles, pulmonary edema Treatment: if lungs are clear can give fluids, CPAP/BPAP
55
Obstructive shock
Occurs when the blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels Pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade
56
Distributive shock
Occurs when widespread dilation of the resistant vessels | Anaphylactic shock, septic shock, neurogenic shock
57
Compensated shock
Body is able to compensate for blood loss (15% - 30% blood loss) BP is above 90 SBP - remains normal or a bit elevated narrowing pulse pressure RR increase and depth Positive orthodontic tilt test
58
Decompensated shock
Aka uncompensated, progressive, hypotensive shock BP falling - Less than 90 SBP - can be late sign especially in children and infants Blood volume drops more than 30% Compensatory mechs begin to fail
59
Irreversible shock
Impending death BP very low 40% + blood volume loss Blood gets shunted away from liver, kidney and lungs to preserve the heart and the brain Aggressive treatment may not work since there could be vital organ damage even if the cause of shock is treated and reversed
60
RAAS
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Controls long term BP. Slower acting.
61
Sodium potassium pump
3 sodium leave the cell and 2 potassium enter the cell. Uses 1 ATP to activate.
62
Sarcomere
Only found in heart and skeletal muscle | Contracts and expands.

AEMT class (14 decks)

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