Patho

Question 1

Turner and valve

Answer 1

Bicuspid aortic valve - early systolic click RUSB. Leading aortic stenosis or regurgitation
Associated with turner syndrome

Question 2

Doxorubicin and Cardiomyopathy

Answer 2

Dilated : reduced CO, elevated LVEDP -> pulmonary edema -> elevated RAP

Question 3

Plaque stability

Answer 3

Macrophages secreting metalloproteinases, breakdown extracelular matrix

Question 4

Papillary muscle and infarction

Answer 4

Acute mitral regurgitation (new systolic murmur). Reversible timely

Question 5

Pulsus paradoxus

Answer 5

Drop > 10 SBP during inspiration
Tamponade, asthma, COPD, constrictive pericarditis

Question 6

Beta agonist

Answer 6

Protein Gs - increases cAMP

Question 7

Histológico finding in aortic dissection

Answer 7

Cystic medial degeneration (necrosis)

Question 8

Peripartum cardiomyopaty

Answer 8

Dilated cardiomyopathy, eccentric hypertrophy. Increases compliance and decrease CO

Question 9

Acute pericarditis

Answer 9

Fibrinous/serodibrinous type
Pericardial friction rub

Most specific sign

Question 10

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Answer 10

Vavular deposition is sterile platelet-rich trombi
Hypercoagulable state seen in advanced malignancy and systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 11

Enlarged coronary sinus

Answer 11

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 12

Massive PE

Answer 12

RV cavity enlargement and dysfunction

Question 13

WPW and EKG

Answer 13

Accessory pathway (bundle of Kent)
Shortened PR
Delta wave
Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (most common)

Question 14

Varicose veins

Answer 14

Chronically elevated venous pressure lead to incompetent venous valves , can result in venous stasis dermatitis

Question 15

Takayasu arteritis

Answer 15

Female, Asian, under 40, arterio-occlusive and granulomatous inflammation os arterial media

Question 16

Histologic left heart failure

Answer 16

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Question 17

Histology HCM genes

Answer 17

Beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C

Question 18

Histology HCM genes

Answer 18

Beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C

Question 19

Long QT + deafness

Answer 19

Jerrell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Potassium channels

Question 20

Normal endothelial cells released —- to inhibit platelet aggregation

Answer 20

Prostacylin -> causes vasodilation and oppose tromboxano A2

Question 21

Chronic lymphedema

Answer 21

Lymphadenectomy, radiation, malignant obstruction…
Early: soft skin, pitting edema
Late: firm, dry, non pitting edema

Question 22

HCM and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT)

Answer 22

Results from a hypertrophied intraventricular septum and abnormal systolic anterior motion os the anterior leaflet of mitral valve

Question 23

ASD and chambers

Answer 23

RA and RV volume overload (dilated cavity), but the left side doesn’t
But, septal defects distal to AV valves, dilate left too

Question 24

Bicuspid aortic valve most common complications

Answer 24

Aortic stenosis

Question 25

Watershed zones of the colon

Answer 25

Splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction

Question 26

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

Answer 26

Medium sized muscular arteries Thrombosis or bleeding from microaneurism Histology: Segmental fibrinoid necrosis Infiltration mononuclear and neutrophils Elastic laminae damage

Question 27

Down syndrome chromosomes separation

Answer 27

Meiotic nondisjunction

Question 28

Marfan and valvopatia

Answer 28

Mutation in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin-1 Overexpression of TGF-beta (increased production of matrix ketalloproteinases) In mitral valve : myxomatous mitral degeneration. Mitral regurgitation. Mid to late systolic apical murmur

Question 29

Murmur resume

Answer 29

Question 30

Causes de QT longo

Answer 30

Question 31

Rheumatic mitral stenosis characterized

Answer 31

Diffuse thickening and distortion of the mitral valve leaflets

Question 32

Histology mixoma

Answer 32

Scattered cells within a mucopolysaccharide strong and blood vessels with hemorrhage

Question 33

Atherosclerosis location

Answer 33

Abdominal>coronary>poplitea>carorid>willis A copy cat named Willis

Question 34

Reumatic fever and histology

Answer 34

Aschoff body —> intersticial myocardial granuloma. Over years they are replaced with fibrous scars tissue, leading to mitral stenosis

Question 35

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 35

Reduced LV compliance Cardiac amyloidosis is a common cause. Results of acumulate amyloid protein, particularly immunoglobulin light chains or TRANSTHYRETIN

Question 36

Cerebrovascular event and venous thrombosis

Answer 36

Paradoxical embolism - ASD and PFO

Question 37

Yellow-brown intracytoplasmatic granules

Answer 37

Lipoguscin : results from free radical injury and lipid peroxidation: wear and tear product that accumulates with age and commonly seen in low turnover cells

Question 38

Morphologic changes in renal stenosis

Answer 38

Stenotic kidney: diffuse cortical thinning, tubular atrophy, intersticial fibrosis, small crowded glomeruli Non-stenotic: thickening arteriolar wall (hyaline arteriolosclerosis) and hyperplastic art. (Onion-skinning)

Question 39

Amyloidosis histology

Answer 39

Amorphous and acellular pink material