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Pathophysiology > Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Gastroinstestinal System > Flashcards

Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Gastroinstestinal System Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Nausea

A

feeling the urge to vomit

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2
Q

Retching

A

process of vomiting without vomiting

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3
Q

Vomiting

A

forceful oral expulsion of gastric contents

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4
Q

Vomiting Center

A 
Triggered by:
gitract
high brain stem
cortical centers
ctz (Chemoreceptor trigger zone)
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5
Q

CTZ

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

A 
Can't initiate, only a trigger
Triggered by
drugs
bacterial toxins
metabolic abnormalities
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6
Q

GI Bleeding - 4 types

A

Upper
Lower
Acute
Occult

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7
Q

Upper GI Bleeding

A

ulcers in esophagus, stomach or duodenum, gastric tears from malignancy

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8
Q

Lower GI Bleeding

A

caused by polyps in the jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum, IBS, cancer or hemorrioids

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9
Q

Acute GI Bleeding

A

Hematemesis - blood in vomit
Hematochezia - frank bleeding from rectum
Melena - black tarry stool

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10
Q

Occult GI Bleeding

A

trace amounts of blood in normal appearing stool or gastric secretions
Can detect with Guaiac Test

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11
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty with swallowing is the sensation that food is stuck in the throat

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12
Q

Who’s at Risk?

A

old, young, neurologic disorders

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13
Q

Patho - Dysphagia

A

mechanical
functional
Achalasia - rare form

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14
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Dysphagia

A

Odynophagia - pain with swallowing

Choking or coughing while eating

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15
Q

GERD

A

Backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus pass to the lower esophageal sphincter

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16
Q

GERD- who’s at risk?

A 
prolonged gastric intubation
infections
systemic disease
acidic foods
systemic diseases
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17
Q

GERD - Patho

A

LES is weakened or incompetent, epithelial cell damage

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18
Q

GERD- Clinical Manifestations

A

dyspepsia, eructation (frequent belching) pain after eating, when lying down, and after straining or lifting

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19
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

erosion in the lining of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum

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20
Q

Peptic Ulcer - who’s at risk?

A

COPD, rheumatoid arthritis or cirrhosis, H. pylori infection, stress, smoking, excessive use of NSAIDS or aspirin

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21
Q

Peptic Ulcer - patho

A

excess acid, decreased mucus, increased delivery of acid

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22
Q

Peptic Ulcer - clinical manifestations

A 
gastric - caused by NSAIDS
pain, worsens with eating
pain in back or flank
duodenal - caused by H. pylori
gnawing dull ache epigastric relieved by food or antacids
recurs 2-4 hours later
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23
Q

IBS

A

abdominal pain, alternating constipation and diarrhea, abdominal distention

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24
Q

IBS- who’s at risk?

A

ppl with stress, lactose intolerant, food sensitivities, colon cancer, food poisoning. 2xx as common in women then men. 20% of pts never seek medical attention

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25
IBS - patho
GI tract appears normal, abnormal smooth muscle function of the colon, excessive peristalsis and spasms
26
IBS- clinical manifestations
intermittent, crampy, lower abdominal pain
27
Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It usually affects the intestines, but may occur anywhere from the mouth to the end of the rectum (anus).
28
Crohn's Disease- who's at risk?
genetic, jewish, stress
29
Crohn's Disease - patho
inflammatory lesions occur anywhere, most often in the ascending colon, distal ileum and anorectal area
30
Crohn's Disease - clinical manifestations
steady colicky pain, cramping and tenderness, diarrhea, steatorrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence
31
Ulcerative Colitis
inflammatory disease affecting the mucous membranes of the colon
32
Ulcerative Colitis - who's at risk?
white and jewish ppl, age 10-40, genetic, stress, auto immune disease
33
Ulcerative Colitis - patho
inflammation in base of mucosal layer, leads to erosions that form ulcers
34
Ulcerative Colitis - clinical manifestations
recurrent diarrhea with pus, abdominal cramping, rectal urgency, weight loss
35
Ulcerative Colitis - complications
intestinal obstruction, dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, malabsorption, anemia
36
Diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum within intestinal tract
37
Diverticulitis - who's at risk?
Crohn's and Ulcerative colitis Obesity poor dietary habits elderly
38
Diverticulitis - patho
increase in intraluminal pressure outpouching of colon wall bacteria from food becomes trapped thickening of intestinal wall
39
Diverticulitis - clinical manifestations
constipation, lower left sided abdominal pain, signs of peritonitis (fever, guarding, abdominal rigidity), elevated WBC
40
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner lining of the vermiform appendix that spreads to its other parts
41
Appendicitis - who's at risk?
fecal impactions, kinking of the bowel, parasites, infections, children and young adults (10-30), males
42
Appendicitis - patho
obstruction of lumen from stool, tumors, or foreign bodies, inflammation due to obstruction, which can lead to bacterial invasion
43
Appendicitis - clinical manifestations
pain in the LRQ, McBurney's point GI disturbences - anorexia rebound tenderness, fever, elevated BP and HR (due to pain)
44
Anus
the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces (waste) exits the body.
45
appendix
a small sac located on the cecum
46
ascending colon
the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.
47
Bile
a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and secreted in the small intestine
48
Cecum
the first part of the large intestine, connected to the appendix
49
chyme
food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids, digests further in the small intestine
50
descending colon
part of large intestine that runs downward after the transverse colon
51
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
52
epiglottis
the flap in the back of the tongue that keeps chewed food from going down into the windpipe to the lungs
53
esophagus
long tube between the mouth and the stomach. muscle moves food from the throat to the stomach
54
gall bladder
small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum, stores and releases bile.
55
illeum
last part of the small intestine
56
jejunum
long, coiled, mid-section of the small intestine
57
liver
a large organ located above and in front of the stomach
58
mouth
the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body
59
pancreas
an enzyme producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines
60
peristalsis
rhythmic muscle movement that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach
61
rectum
lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored before they are excreted
62
salivary glands
glands located in the mouth that produce saliva
63
sigmoid colon
part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum
64
stomach
a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus, chemical and mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach
65
transverse colon
part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdoment

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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