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patho Flashcards

1
Q

what does diGeorge syndrome (thyamic aplasia) 22q deletion cause?

A

immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, and conotruncal heart defects(ToF, TA, ToGV)

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2
Q

what usually accompanies PTA?

A

VSD

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3
Q

is ToGV compatible with life?

A

no unless a shunt is present(VSD, PDA, PFO or ASD)

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4
Q

tricuspid atresia viability requires ?

A

R2L(ASD) and L2R(VSD or PDA)

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5
Q

m\c cause of blue babies?

A

ToF

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6
Q

associations of TAPVR?

A

ASD and sometimes PDA (R2L)

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7
Q

Ebstein anomaly?

A

TR, WPW, right HF

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8
Q

large VSD complications?

A

LV overload and HF

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9
Q

PDA complicates as

A

RVH and\or LVH and HF

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10
Q

what causes differential cyanosis?

A

PDA

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11
Q

eisenmenger syndrome presents as

A

late cyanosis, clubbing, and PV

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12
Q

complications of coarctation of aorta

A

HF, berry aneurysms, aortic rupture, and possible endocarditis

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13
Q

fetal alchoholic syndrome

A

ASD, PDA, “VSD”, ToF

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14
Q

congenital rubella

A

PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, and septal defects

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15
Q

Down syndrome

A

endocardial cushion defect(AV septal defect). VSD, ASD

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16
Q

maternal DM

A

ToGV and VSD

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17
Q

prenatal lithium exposure

A

ebstein anomaly

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18
Q

turner syndrome

A

Bicuspid Aortic valve, coarctation of aorta

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19
Q

Williams syndrome

A

supravalvuar aortic stenosis

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20
Q

HTN emergency EOD

A 
Neuro: stroke, papilledema, enceohalopathy, retinal hemorrhage and exudate.
CVS; MI, HF, aortic dissection
renal; AKI
uterus; eclampsia
hemato: MAHA
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21
Q

HTN complicates to

A

CVS; CAD, LVH, HF, Aortic aneurysm and dissection, and “ Afib
brain; stroke
CKD
retinopathy

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22
Q

pipestem appearance on x-ray

A

monckeberg sclerosis

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23
Q

if a known aortic aneurysm becomes painful

A

leaking, repture, or dissecting

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24
Q

thoracic aortic aneurysms required

A

cystic media necrosis (HTN, Marfan, 3 syphilis, turner “bicuspid aortic valve)

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25
aortic repture
at isthmus due to trauma and\or decelerating injuries
26
differential blood pressure between arms
aortic dissection
27
management of stanford A &B AD
type A; surgery | type B; medical beta blockers then vasodialators
28
Left main occlusion
ST‐elevation aVR | Diffuse ST depressions
29
Posterior PDA
* Anterior ST depressions with standard leads | * ST-elevation in posterior leads (V7‐V9)
30
Cautions | • Beta blockers with Inferior MI (stimulates vagal nerve)
Bradycardia and AV block can develop
31
don't give • Nitrates if RCA causes RV infarction why
* RV infarction → ↓ preload | * Nitrates ↓ preload→ hypotension
32
what causes prinzmetal angina
smoking, cocaine, alcohol, triptans.
33
what vasodilators can trigger coronary steal syndrome
dipyridamole and regadenoson
34
what are the causes of sudden cardiac deathes
1-CAD in 70% 2-HCM 3-channelopathies (lond GT and brugada) implant ICD
35
Ischemic Pathologic Changes
``` • Zero to 4 hrs No changes! • 4 – 24 hrs Gross: apperars dark mottling and pale with tetrazolium stain Micro: edema, hemorrhage, and wavy fibers • 1-3 days Gross: Hyperemia Micro:central necrosis with Surrounding tissue inflammation • 3 – 14 days Gross: Central yellow-brown softening with hyperemic borders Micro: MP then Granulation tissue • 2 weeks to months Gross: Gray-white scar Micro: contracted Scar ```
36
ECG localization
``` anteroseptal (LAD) V1 & V2 anteroapical (distal LAD) V3 & V4 Anterolateral (LAD or LCX) V5 & V6 Lateral (LCX) I and aVL inferior (RCA) II, II, and aVF posterior (PDA) V7 & V8 with tall R and ST deprisson in V1-V3 ```
37
MR after MI
occurs 2-7 days due to PM muscle rupture PDA supply
38
VSD after MI
3-5 days macrophages
39
complications of pseudoaneurysms
arrhythmia, CO decreases, mural thrombi
40
tamponade and free wall rupture after MI
5-14 days | LVH and previous MI are protective
41
true aneurysms
dyskinasia (outward contraction
42
what can cause LVF and pulmonary edema postMI
infarction, VSD, tamponade, MR
43
Fabry disease
``` • Lysosomal storage disease • Deficiency of α-galactosidase A • Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside causes Restrictive Heart Disease • Neuropathy, skin lesions, lack of sweat • Left ventricular hypertrophy ```
44
Loeffler’s syndrome
• Eosinophilic infiltration of myocardium Common mode of death • Acute phase Myocarditis (often asymptomatic) • Chronic phase Endomyocardial fibrosis and myocyte death Can see restrictive heart disease Thrombus formation common (embolic stroke) • Primary HES Neoplastic disorder Stem cell, myeloid, or eosinophilic neoplasm • Secondary HES Reactive process Eosinophilic overproduction due to cytokines Occurs in parasitic infections (ascaris lumbricoides) Some tumors/lymphomas
45
• Friedreich Ataxia
* Autosomal recessive CNS disease * Trinucleotide repeat disorder * Spinocerebellar symptoms * Often have concentric left ventricular hypertrophy * Also septal hypertrophy
46
• Pompe Disease
* Glycogen storage disease (develops in infancy) * Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency * Enlarged muscles, hypotonia * Cardiac enlargement
47
iv drug abusers endocarditis
s aureus, Pseudomonas, and candida
48
tertiary syphilis valve disease
calcific aortic root, ascending, descending and the arch | tree bark appearance of aorta (causes aneurysms)
49
pulsus paradoxus
in tamponade,asthma, OSA, pericarditis and croup.
50
what presentation is characteristic for myocarditis
persistent tachycardia out proportion to fever
51
tuberous sclerosis
Autosomal dominant genetic syndrome • Mutation in TSC1 or TSC2 gene • TSC1: Hamartin • TSC2: Tuberin • Mutations → widespread tumor formation (Rhabdomyomas) • Seizures – most common presenting feature • “Ash leaf spots”: Pale, hypopigmented skin lesions • Facial skin spots (angiofibromas) • Mental retardation
52
Takayaso presents as
fever, night sweat, arthritis, myalgia, skin nodules, and ocular disturbances
53
Kawasaki (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
CRASH and Burn give IVIgG and ASA(affects coronaries)
54
PAN
``` Fever, wt loss. malaise, headache GI; melena and pain renal'; HTN and artery spasm and microaneurysms neurological dysfunction cutaneous eruption fibrinoid necrosis with string of pearls ```
55
EGPA (CSD)
asthma, skin nodules, sinusitis, peripheral neuropathy. | GI, Renal(Paci-immune GN), Heart,
56
GPA triad
focal Necrotizing vasculitis necrotizing granuloma in lung and URT necrotizing GN
57
triad of HSP
palpable purpura arthralgia GI pain and intussusception associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)
58
MPA
Pauci-immune GN, palpable purpura, and lung involvement
59
mixed cryoglobulinemia triad
palpable purpura, arhtralgia, and weakness | peripheral neuropathy and GN
60
Behcet syndrome
HLA-B51, HSV and parvovirus mouth, genital, ulcers erythema nodosum, uveitis
61
leukocytoclastic vasculitis (cutaneous small vessel vasculitis
7-10 days after drugs(penicillin, cephalosporins, phenytoins or allopurinol), HCV, HIV no visceral involvement immune-complex late involvement indicates systematic vasculitis
62
HHT (OSler-Weber-REndu)
skin telengactasia mucus membrane: epistaxis, GI bleed, hematuria AVMs

cardiac pathology (1 decks)

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