Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm Exam 2 > Patho CH 8: Fluid and electrolyte imbalance > Flashcards

Patho CH 8: Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cations

A

ions with a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anions

A

ions with a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Na+ value

A

135-145

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

K+values

A

3.5-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cl-

A

98-106

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

extracellular ions

A

sodium and potassium
outside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma in extracellular compartment are high in ___ , low in ____ and moderate in ___

A

high: sodium, chloride, calcium
low: potassium, magnesium, phosphate
moderate: bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

extracellular compartment further divided into 2 parts

A
  1. fluid in plasma or intravascular space
  2. fluid in interstitial spaces between cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intracellular ions

A

chloride, calcium, bicarbonate
inside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

water composes ___% of body weight

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two fluid compartments and percentages of water

A

intracellular = 40%
extracellular = 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fluid balance: fluid transport

A

Compartments = intravascular and interstitial
processes = osmosis, reabsorption, flitration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fluid balance: forces

A

hydrostatic and osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most abundant cation in extracellular compartment
primary determinant of blood osmolality

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fluid balance: regulation

A

thirst
RAAS
ADH
diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hypovolemia causes

A

hemorrhage
dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypervolemia causes

A

water intoxication (decreased sodium concentration)
edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mechanisms of edema

A

increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased colloid osmotic pressure
increased permeability
lymphatic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cirrhosis pathophysiology

A

liver disease characterized by interference of local blood flow and hepatocyte damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

hepatitis and alcohol damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

side effects of cirrhosis

A

altered fluid balance
reduced local blood flow
portal hypertension
hepatocyte damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cirrhosis clinical manifestations

A

portal hypertension!!!
ascites
abdominal discomfort
increased weight
sodium retention
hyponatremia
renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cirrhosis diagnostic criteria

A

physical exam
body weight
abdominal girth measurement
lab analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cirrhosis labs

A

ascitic fluid analysis
liver and renal function
cardiac function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cirrhosis treatment
paracentesis - body fluid sampling procedure diuresis intravenous albumin
26
dehydration pathophysiology
alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance sodium imbalance and negative fluid balance
27
dehydration causes
decreased fluid intake increased fluid output (diarrhea) fluid shift between compartments (ascites)
28
dehydrations categories
hyponatremic isonatremic hypernatremic
29
dehydration clinical manifestations
decreased LOC prolonged capillary refill time dry mucous membranes decreased or absent tears change in vital signs depressed fontanel, sunken eyes decreased or absent urine output
30
dehydration diagnostic criteria
H and P (fluid, urine, stools, emesis, sweat) nutrition lab analyses
31
dehydration labs
electrolytes bicarbonate BUN creatinine specific gravity (high means dehydration)
32
dehydration treatment
rehydration (oral/IV) correct electrolyte imbalance
33
hypoparathyroidism patho
altered calcium balance negative feedback regulation by parathyroid glands
34
hypoparathyroidism clinical manifestations
tetany!!! hair dryness and loss nail ridges and breakage skin dryness bone loss tingling in extremities visual changes muscle cramps seizures fatigue
35
negative feedback regulation by parathyroid glands
1. production of P hormone when Ca is low 2. P hormone mobilizes Ca 3. Ca levels rise - hormone production stops 4. impaired P function lead to decreased Ca
36
hypoparathyroidism diagnostic criteria
med and surgical(thyroid) history physical exam lab tests
37
lab tests for hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid hormone blood calcium, phosphorus, magnesium urinary calcium
38
hypoparathyroidism treatment
supplementation (calcium and vitamin D) vitamin D reabsorbs calcium recombinant parathyroid hormone
39
excess volume can lead to __
hypertension, heart failure, peripheral edema
40
hyponatremia due to:
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
41
hypernatremia may result in
thirst, hypertension, tachycardia, edema, weight gain
42
most abundant intracellular cation
potassium
43
hypocalcemia lead to
neuromuscular irritability
44
hypocalcemia clinical manifestations
anxiety irritability muscle twitching cramps spasms tetany!!! laryngospasm seizure
45
causes on low magnesium
malnutrition burns alcohol
46
common cause of hypermagnesemia
end stage renal disease
47
clinical manifestations of sodium imbalance
hypotension altered LOC oliguria
48
clinical manifestations of potassium imbalance
arrhythmias hypotension polyuria
49
osmolality
measure of the number of dissolved particles, or solutes, in 1 kg (1 L) of water.
50
tonicity
ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces.
51
three solutes determining osmolality
sodium glucose urea
52
isotonic solutions
same concentration of solutes as plasma
53
hypertonic solution
greater concentration of solutes in plasma water goes into vascularity
54
hypotonic solution
lesser concentration of solutes than plasma water going into the cell
55
universal solute
water
56
water moving from low to high concentration
osmosis
57
can promote movement of fluid based on pressure gradient
hydrostatic/filtration pressure
58
tell body to conserve water
ADH
59
tell body to conserve sodium
aldosterone
60
mechanisms promoting fluid excretion
diuretic kidneys loss of potassium
61
too much water diluting sodium causing hyponatremia - can cause death
dilutional
62
causes of hypovolemia
body fluid loss reduction of fluid intake loss of fluid to a third space
63
clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
Thirst Dry mucous membranes Weight loss Flattened neck veins Diminished skin turgor (fullness) Prolonged time (more than 3 seconds) Decreased urine output Increased heart rate Decreased blood pressure Altered level of consciousness
64
activates the RAAS
decreased blood flow to the kidneys
65
decreased blood pressure stimulates ___
sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, constrict arteries, and increase contractibility
66
ADH and aldosterone work together to decrease
urine output and increase fluid intake by stimulating thirst
67
lab changes from hemorrhage
decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin increase BUN
68
causes of hypervolemia
Heart failure Liver cirrhosis Kidney failure Excessive fluid replacement Administration of osmotically active fluids (hypertonic)
69
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia
increased urinary sodium increased water elimination
70
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia
muscle cramps switching weakness volume deficit hypotension oliguria HA anxiety altered consciousness

Pharm Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions