Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Study decks > Patho - Disorders of the Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Patho - Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is amenorrhea? etiology?

A

Absence or suppression of menstruation.

Etiology: hormonal disturbances.
Stress & neoplasm’s interfere with normal hormonal secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is metrorrhagia? etiology?

A

Bleeding between menstrual periods

Etiologies: Slight bleeding from endometrium during ovulation, uterine malignancy, cervical erosions, endometrial polyps, estrogen therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hypomenorrhea? etiology?

A

Deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow

Etiologies: Endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones, partial obstruction of menstrual flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is oligomenorrhea? etiology?

A

Infrequent menstruation

Etiology: Endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is polymenorrhea? etiology?

A

Increased frequency of menstruation

Etiology: Endocrine/systemic disorder causing ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is menorrhagia? etiology? treatment?

A

Increase in amount or duration of bleeding; prolonged and heavy bleeding

Etiology: Lesions of reproductive organs

Treatment: Surgery, oral contraceptives, and/or antiprostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

A

Abnormal endometrial bleeding
-Most common around menarche (immaturity in functioning of pituitary & ovaries) & menopause (d/t decrease in estrogen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is dysmenorrhea?

A

painful menstruation.
-Most common menstrual abnormality.
-Suprapubic cramping severe enough to limit activity, causes NVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is primary and secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Primary—begins at onset of menses & is life long with unknown etiology—excessive prostaglandin production in the uterus which causes strong cxns, resulting in uterine ischemia & pain.

Secondary— occurs after having regular menses & usually d/t PID, endometriosis, STD, IUD, or fertility problems.
Often have scarring from the underlying cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

uterine prolapse pathogenesis

A

Supporting pelvic structures relax & cervix (cx) sags downward into vagina.
-Can occur at any age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

uterine prolapse etiology

A

Congenital defects, pregnancy & childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

uterine prolapse CM

A

-pelvic fullness
-vaginal discomfort
-difficulty urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the degrees of uterine prolapse?

A

1st degree: Uterus halfway between vaginal introitus & ischial spines

2nd degree: End of cx begins to protrude through introitus

3rd degree (complete prolapse): Body of uterus outside vaginal introitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is retrodisplacement of the uterus?

A

-Body of uterus is flexed into posterior pelvis
-Common: 20%-30% of women
-Associated with congenital defects, pregnancy & childbirth
-Pelvic pain, infertility, dysmenorrhea & dyspareunia
-5 positions: anteverted, midposition, anteflexed, retroflexed, retroverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is cystocele? etiology? CM?

A

Weakness in vaginal musculature allows bladder to protrude into anterior vagina.

Etiologies: Childbirth, surgery, aging, obesity, lifting.

Clinical Manifestations: back pain, incontinence, dysuria, pelvic pressure, dysmenorrhea & dyspareunia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is rectocele? etiology? CM?

A

Protrusion of anterior rectal wall into posterior vagina at a weakened part of vaginal musculature.

Etiologies: Childbirth injury, weakness with aging, multiparity, obesity.

Clinical Manifestations: Constipation, painful BM, painful intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Any acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic infxn of oviducts, ovaries, & adjacent reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cervicitis
endometritis
salpingitis
oophoritis

A

Cervicitis (cervix)
Endometritis (uterus)
Salpingitis (oviducts)
Oophoritis (ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease etiology

A

STI’s (Gonorrhea & Chlamydia), pelvic procedures,
IUD’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease pathogenesis

A

Bacteria invade uterine & tubal tissues after migrating through cervix & scar tissue is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is vulvovaginitis?

A

Inflammation of the vulva & vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vulvovaginitis etiology

A

Candida albicans (most common organism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vulvovaginitis CM

Study These Flashcards
A

-Thick, white, malodorous (odor), purulent discharge
-Red, edematous mucous membranes
-Intense itching
-Pain on urination and intercourse

24
Q

what is uterine leiomyomas?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Most common uterine growths: AKA fibroids.
-20% women > 35yrs; more common in African-American women.
-Estrogen & GH influence development.
-Grow large & cause abd pain & pressure, DUB & vaginal d/c.

25
what are ovarian cysts?
-Sacs on ovary that contain fluid. -Develop anytime between puberty & menopause. -Idiopathic. -Usually asymptomatic & may change size with menstrual cycle. -Rupture may result in severe abd pain & hemorrhage
26
what is polycystic ovarian syndrome? etiology? symptoms? treatment?
Hormonal disorder that effects ovaries -Common endocrine disorder (6-15% of females of reproductive age) -Ovaries contain a large number of harmless follicular cysts. -Frequent cause of anovulation (absence/irregularity) -Etiology is unclear; probably multifactorial -Symptoms include oligomenorrhea, signs of hyperandrogenism (acne, hirsuitism, elevated testosterone levels), polycystic ovaries, obesity, glucose intolerance -Treatment may include clomifene in women who are trying to get pregnant, contraceptive pills to induce regular periods, and/or metformin to induce ovulation, control blood sugar, and reduce circulating androgen levels.
27
what is endometriosis?
Growth of endometrium outside of uterus. -Increased risk in nulliparous women >30 yrs of age. -Benign dse, but tends to infiltrate & spread to adjacent tissues. -Major complication of fertility.
28
endometriosis etiology
Backflow of menstrual fluid through uterine tubes
29
endometriosis pathogenesis
-Endometrial tissue outside uterus responds to hormones causing build up, scarring & further growth. -Bleeding results in inflammation & pain in tissues, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia. -Repeated irritation causes formation of dense tissue adhesions
30
cervix cancer etiology
-HPV (16,18) -Herpesvirus type 2 -Other STI´s
31
who is at risk for cervix cancer?
-Intercourse at young age -Multiple sexual partners -Multiple pregnancies
32
how do you prevent cervix cancer?
HPV Vaccine -11-12yrs (as young as 9) -Recommended 13-26yrs females who have not received or completed vaccine series -Ideally, vaccination before onset of sexual activity
33
cervix cancer CM (pre-invasive & early invasive)
Pre -Asymptomatic; changes in cells Early Abnormal vaginal bleeding & DC Pain & bleeding after intercourse -May spread to vaginal wall, pelvis, bladder, rectum & pelvic lymph nodes -5yr survival rate stage 1-93% -5yr survival rate stage 4-15%
34
endometrial cancer diagnosis? treatment?
Diagnosis No screening tests Histologic tissue examination Treatment Radiation therapy Total hysterectomy with removal of ovaries & oviducts 5yr survival rate with early diagnosis: 96% 5yr survival rate to 17% if CA
35
what is ovarian cancer? CM?
Cancer on ovaries -Leading cause of death from genital cancer -Peak incidence 60-80yrs -High mortality rate -45% long-term survival rate Clinical manifestations -None until late in disease -Increased abdominal girth -Weight loss -Abdominal pain -Dysuria or urinary frequency -Constipation
36
what is vaginal cancer? CM?
-Most over 60 at time of Dx -Women whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy -Possible metastasis to bladder, rectum, vulva, pubic bone, other surrounding structures Clinical manifestations -Vaginal spotting & DC -Pain, groin masses -Changes in urinary pattern
37
what is vulvar cancer? CM?
Cancer that occurs on the outside of genitalia -5% all gynecologic malignancies -Occurs any age, peak in mid-60s Predisposing factors -STDs -Chronic vulvar pruritus with swelling & dryness -Obesity, HTN, DM -Never being pregnant Clinical manifestations -Leukoplakic changes (whitish plaque-like or ulcerated lesions) in vulva -Abnormal urination & defecation
38
what is pregnancy-induced hypertension?
-Also known as toxemia or preeclampsia. -0.5-10% all pregnancies Rapid rise in BP & proteinuria. -Characterized by Na+ & water retention. -Leading cause of pregnancy-related death
39
pregnancy-induced hypertension etiology
Poor nutrition, teenager, multiple fetuses, pre-existing conditions
40
pregnancy-induced hypertension CM
wt gain, edema, decreased GFR, HTN, seizures
41
what is hyperemesis gravidarum?
-Excessive vomiting during pregnancy. -Occurs in 1 in 1000 pregnancies -Severe vomiting, dehydration & electrolyte imbalance. -Cause is thought to be large amts of chorionic gonadotropin by the placenta. -Treat with IV fluids, supportive care
42
what is placenta previa?
-Placenta is implanted abnormally over internal os. -More common in multiple pregnancies. -Occurs in 1 in 200 deliveries. -Idiopathic -Interrupts fetal oxygen supply. -Treatment---C-section
43
what is abruptio placenta? etiology?
-Premature separation of placenta---1% of deliveries. -Decreased fetal oxygen supply & causes maternal hemorrhage. -Etiologies: trauma, short umbilical cord, PIH.
44
what is miscarriage?
-Expulsion of products of conception from uterus before period of fetal viability -10%-20% of all pregnancies
45
miscarriage etiology? CM?
Etiologies: Fetal abnormalities, faulty implantation, infections & trauma Clinical manifestations: vaginal bleeding, abdominal cramping
46
what is mammary duct ectasia?
chronic inflammatory process (mastitis)
47
what is breast abscess?
common in persons predisposed to infxns such as DM or on steroid therapy
48
what is fat necrosis?
death of tissue after trauma or injury
49
what is fibrocystic breast disease?
Benign breast lesions, common in women 20-50yrs
50
fibrocystic breast disease etiology
Hormonal changes, aging, high caffeine intake
51
fibrocystic breast disease pathogenesis
Mammary tissue retains fluid & forms cysts during later half of menstrual cycle & resolves with menses. -Inflammation d/t repeated filling of cyst causes fibrosis & blocks drainage of fluid. -Tender, firm, regular in shape, mobile on palpation -Not at increased risk for breast CA
52
what is carcinoma of the breast?
-Most common CA in women 25-75yrs, affects 1 in 8 women. -10% linked to mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. -Hormone dependent; early menarche -Invasive & noninvasive
53
carcinoma of the breast pathogenesis?
-Arises in epithelium of glandular ducts of breast -Malignant cells disseminate into lymph system of axilla -Metastases to other sites: liver, lung, bone, brain, lymph nodes -5-year survival rate 98% with no lymph involvement & 23% with metastasis -More positive lymph nodes, less favorable the prognosis
54
carcinoma of the breast CM
-Painless, hard, poorly mobile lump -Dimpling of skin -Nipple retraction -Changes in breast contour -Bloody d/c from nipple
55
carcinoma of the breast treatment
Depends on extent of spread -Lumpectomy: Removal of lump -Mastectomy: Removal of breast -Modified radical mastectomy: Removal of breast with portion of axillary lymphatic system dissected -Radical mastectomy (rare): Removal of breast, lymphatic drainage, & pectoral muscles -Chemotherapy -Radiation therapy -Supportive measures Education Follow-up care

Study decks (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions