PATHO: MODULE 7: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS Flashcards
Define RAAS
R- renin
A- angiotensin
A-aldosterone
S-system
Define MONA
Define MONA
Morphine
oxygen
nitroglcerin
Aspirin
What is Angina Pectoris usually triggered by?
Physical or emotional stress that increases the demand by the heart for oxygen
What is Angina Pectoris usually caused by?
** what occurs if there is inadequate coronary circulation?***
-deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle due to impaired blood supply
-usually due to partial obstruction by artherosclerosis causing acute cardiac pain
-poor coronary circulation =RISK OF Mi
What are the diagnostic tests that evaluate disorders of the cardiovascular system? And what do they look at?
-ECG –> heart conduction
-STEMI-elevation myocardial infarction
-Auscultation
-Chest X-ray
-Echocardiography
-Doppler ultra sound
-Blood test
-ABG –> Acid base balance
-Coronary Angiography
What are the
causes
S/S
treatment
of ANGINA?
CAUSE: reduced blood flow to the heart
COURSE: Heart can compensate to meet demand unless walls are damaged. Can relieve, but if left untreated, can be sign of MI
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: chest pain, radiating from jaw, to left arm. Pallor, nausea, diaphoresis
TREATMENTS: Nitroglycerine= fast acting vasodilator, rest.
What are:
causes:
s/s:
treatment :
of Myocardial infarction?
CAUSE: obstruction of coronary artery, causing prolonged ischemia and cell death within heart wall.
SIGN/SYMPTOMS:
Pain jaw. Pallor, diaphoresis,
Nausea, dizziness, dyspnea, marked anxiety and fear, hypotension - rapid and weak pulse.
TREATMENTS: MONA - Morphine. Oxygen. Nitroglycerine. Aspirin.
COURSE: If not resolved, serious damage could occur and surgery may be necessary.
What are the causes, signs and symptoms, treatment of cardiac arrhythmias?
CAUSE: Abnormal heart contraction due to improper impulses. Any deviation from normal heart rhythm.
Can be caused by: Electrolyte imbalance, fever, hypoxia, stress. Electric shock, untreated MI, drug toxicity.
SIGN/SYMPTOMS:
TREATMENTS: Treat underlying cause. Beta1-adrenergic blockers and calcium channel blockers -antiarrhythmic. Digoxin - slows AV node. SA node or Heart block - pacemaker.
What are the causes, signs and symptoms, treatment of right and left sided congestive heart failure?
CAUSE: the valvular defects that interfere with normal flow of blood, septal
defects that allow mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, shunts or abnormalities in position or
shape of large vessels, or a combination.
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Pallor, cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea on exertion, clubbed fingers, delayed growth
and development, marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather.
TREATMENTS: Surgical repair. Supportive measures and drug therapy are similar to those used for CHF.
COURSE: Body compensation: heart increases its rate and force to increase output, this increases O2
Demand in the heart, restricts coronary perfusion and increases peripheral resistance.
What is right congestive heart failure? Symptoms?
Right ventricle weakens, decreased CO2 to system, stimulates RAAS, back up in systemic circulation
SYMPTOMS: Edema (lower extremities), jugular distention, abdomen (acites), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, headaches, dizziness
What is left congestive heart failure? Symptoms?
Left ventricle weakens, decreased CO2 to system, stimulates RAAS, back up in lungs, increased pressure on pulmonary capillaries
SYMPTOMS: Edema, shortness of breath, decreased O2 sat, crackles, pain, dizziness, increased activity intolerance, increased respiratory rate, cough, fatigue
What are the causes, signs and symptoms, treatment of hypertension?
WHAT?: High blood pressure. Primary: essential. Idiopathic. Secondary: renal or endocrine disease, must
Treat underlying cause. Malignant: resistant, emergency - results in organ damage including the CNS and
Renal system. Can be caused by increased sodium diet, obesity, prolonged recurrent stress.
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Fatigue, malaise, morning headache, consistent elevated blood pressure. Orthostatic
Hypotension.
TREATMENTS: Lifestyle changes, Antihypertensive meds, mild diuretics, alpha 1 blockers (vasodilation),
calcium blockers (reduce heart action and peripheral resistance), beta blockers (reduce heart action).
COURSE: May cause damage to vessel walls.
causes,
signs and symptoms,
treatment of ATHEROSCLEROSIS?
Cause: thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
S/S:
Chest pain,
fatigue,
SOB
confusion,
leg pain,
pallor
Cyanosis
T:
Medications such as:
-ACE inhibitors
- beta blockers help lower blood pressure and lower the heart’s workload.
-Anti-platelet or anti-clotting medicines
. …
-Calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels.
Lower your blood pressure.
Lower your cholesterol.
Manage your blood sugar levels.
Prevent blood clots.
What are the causes, signs and symptoms, treatment of ANEURYSMS?
WHAT?: Localized dilation and weakening of an arterial wall.
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Normally asymptomatic until they become large or rupture. Abdominal aneurysms
may be palpable. Rupture can cause moderate bleeding leading to severe hemorrhage and death. Severe
pain, indications of shock.
TREATMENTS: Maintain blood pressure, avoid stressing the area/extra exertions. Surgical repair.
CAUSES: atherosclerosis, syphilis, other infections, congenital defects, may present with
hypotension.
-causes
-S/S
-treatment
of VARICOSE VEINS?
CAUSE: Varicose veins are usually caused by weak vein walls and valves.
S/S: aching, heavy and uncomfortable legs.
swollen feet and ankles.
burning or throbbing in your legs.
TREATMENTS: Keep legs elevated, support stockings,
COURSE: Familial tendency to varicose veins may increase weakness of veins, less muscle to support.
causes,
signs and symptoms,
treatment
of THROMBOPHLEBITIS?
WHAT?: Development of a thrombus in a vein in which inflammation is present.
S/S: inflammation, pain, redness and swelling.
TREATMENTS:
-Compression
elastic stockings,
anticoagulants,
elevation,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
thrombectomy (reduce or remove to prevent embolization).
COURSE: May form spontaneously, no prior signs of inflammation - attached loosely.
causes
signs and symptoms,
treatment
of SEPTIC SHOCK? ((LIFE-THREATENING ! ))
Cause: LIFE-THREATENING condition happens when your BP drops to a dangerously low level after an infection.
S/S:
-tachycardia
-Fever or hypothermia (low body temperature).
- body chills.
-Warm/sweaty skin.
-Confusion
-Hyperventilation (rapid breathing).
TREATMENTS:
-think infection = antibiotics
-oxygen w/ face mask or a nasal cannula
-breathing tube may be placed in your windpipe (trachea)
-to connect you to a breathing machine (ventilator) if you can’t breathe well on your own.
If fluids don’t increase your blood pressure, you may receive medication to raise it. Medications such as vasopressin (Pitressin®) or norepinephrine (Levophed®) cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase the blood flow to your organs.
- insulin if the septic shock has increased your blood sugar (glucose) levels.
If fluids and medication haven’t helped increase your blood pressure, you may receive corticosteroids.
CARDIOVASCULAR KEY TERMS
