Patho practical exam - THE EXAM Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Identification
A
-
Species & Breed
* (chicken, Waterfowl, Turkey) -
Utilization
* Broilers: any chicken bred & raised specifically for meat production (usually slaughtered at 6w of age)
* Layers: egg laying hens, start laying eggs at around 18-19w of age
(until up to 7 years) –> PP: count as „adult from 60 days of age“
* Hatchlings/ chicks: newly hatched chickens up to 10 days of age
* Youngsters: 11-60 days old
* Eggs: Incubation period is approx. 21 days -
Body weight (approx) just to give an idea..
* Average BW of day-old-chick= 40g
* 6w old broiler: average of 2,5-3kg (males) (varies w. breed)
* Layers: average BW of 1,8kg (varies w. breed)
2
Q
External examination:
A
- Stage of development:
- State of nurishment
- Post Mortem changes + general state of skin
- Skin & feathers
- Feet & claws
- Natural orifices
3
Q
Dissection
A
- Skin until beak
- Dislocate hip joints
- Find 7 lobed Thymus
- Remove Pectoral muscles
- Remove Sternum
- Find thyroid glands
- Gently fold organs over to LHS; to make airsacs visible
- Take out speen + examine
- Take out Liver & GI tract + Examine:
- Examine Kidney + Genital tracts
- Oropharyngeal dissection + Examination:
- Bluntly destroy connection btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with
- Examine Heart & Lungs:
- Examination of Ischiadic Nerve:
- Joint & Bone examination
- Brain examination:
4
Q
Automatic failing mistakes:
A
5
Q
Egg Examination:
A
-
Outer Examination:
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Incidental deformities
5. Contaminations
6. Injuries
7. Size of air cell (lamping) -
Inner Examination
1. Open at broad end (air sac end)
2. Examination of shell
3. Examination of yolk
4. Dissection of embryo ( if present)
6
Q
Newly hatched chick examination:
Common disease
A
- BW & state of development
- Skin, orifices, Beak (diamond?)
- Navel closed?
-
Yolk sac abnormalities?
* Try to seperate intactly from other organs in body cavity (v. fragile)
* Common:
- Mushy chick syndrome (yolk sac infection)
7
Q
Normal description skin and feather
A
8
Q
Normal description feet and claws
A
- Ulcers or pododermatitis (v. common)
9
Q
What are the natural orifices
A
- Oral cavity
- Nostrils
- Ears
- Eyes
- Cloaca
10
Q
Normal description oral cavity
A
Pale grayishred
Smooth
Shiny
Intact
GENERAL not specific for poultry
11
Q
Normal description eyes
A
- Pupils misshaped in Mareks disease
- Pulp= Necrotized in:
1. Fowl pox,
2. Salmonellosis &
3. Colibacteriosis
12
Q
Examination Cloaca
A
Cloara: soundness + level of contamination
13
Q
External examination:
* Stage of development:
A
- Length of legs & wings: well/ medium/under
- Head & skin compartments development
14
Q
External examination:
A
Good/medium/under? - check at Pectoral & thigh muscles
15
Q
External examination:
* State of nurishment
A
- Good/medium/under?
- Check at Pectoral & thigh muscles
16
Q
External examination:
Skin & feathers
A
- Easy to pull out feathers?
- Ectoparasites?
- Dermatitis
(which type: Gangrenous, dry, wet, Viral, Mixed)
17
Q
External examination:
* Feet & claws
A
- Ulcers or pododermatitis (v. common)
18
Q
External examination:
* Natural orifices
A
- Oropharyngeal
- Nasal cavity: squeeze; discharge
- Eyes –> Pupils misshaped in Mareks disease & pulp= necrotized in Fowl pox, Salmonellosis & Colibacteriosis
- Ears
- Cloara: soundness + level of contamination
19
Q
Dissection
How to skin?
A
Skin until beak
* Make incision on left hand side of neck so that crop is ∅ damaged
20
Q
Dissection
How to dislocate the hip joints
A
By grabbing tighs on both sides & bend outwards/backwards
21
Q
Dissection
The thymus
A
Find **7 lobed **Thymus (pale/brown)
* Swollen in Tuberculosis or Leucosis
* Atrophied in Mycotoxicosis or Gumbaro disease
22
Q
Dissection
Pectorals
A
Remove Pectoral muscles
- make deep incisions into muscle to check both spf & prof. pec muscle
23
Q
Description of normal skelletal muscles
A
24
Q
Dissection
What do you look for when removing sternum?
A
- Check sternal Bursa (inflammed in ENS)
25
Dissection
Thyroid gland
- **little** **dark**, **oval** shaped at entrance of body cavity
26
Normal description THYROID GLAND
27
Dissection
Airsacs
| and normal description
* Gently fold organs over to left hand side; to make airsacs visible
* They will be „ruined during examination & dissection -
* Airsacs (**8**)
* Serous membranes = **Smooth/shiny/transparent/intact**?
28
Dissection
Spleen
* Located btw **proventriculus** & **gizzard**
* Normal: **cherry** sized, **round**, **flaccid** palpation
* CS: **dark brown, medium moist**
29
Spleen
Normal organ description
30
Dissection
LIVER and GI tract
* Leave oesophagus (cut btw oesophagus & stomach)
* Find **Bursa fabricii:** behind rectum, round shaped:
* Take out with GI - make semi-lunar cut around cloaca (∅cut off tail feathers!!)
a) Bile duct patecy --> Duodenum ascendend
b) Seperate Liver (2 Lobes) from GI & examine
c) Find U-loop of duodenum with pancreas inbetween
d) Seperate intestinal loops & lay them out (just like in mammals)
e) **Ileum is surrounded by 2 caeca**
f) Take Gizzard in L-hand palm, duodenum hanging downwards btw fingers & proventriculus is upwards towards, paralllel with thumb
g) Make incision into muscle layer of Gizzard
h) Check content of Gizzard & remove
i) Seperate the koilin membrane from mucosal membrane (easy of
healthy+ harder in waterfowls), bleeding?
j) Take scissors & open up rest of gizzard + Proventriculus: check
content & remove
k) Check mucosa & glands in Proventriculus (squish glands to see secretion of gastric juice
l) From Gizzard opening, continue to open duedenum & whole GI tract with the scissors until colorectum
m) When colorectum is open, caeca can be opened as well (normal content= creamy, dark green)
n) Wash GI & neatly lay out to check mucosa
| -Haemorrhages in GI?= eg. Avian influenza, Ulcers, Parasites (coccidia!)
31
Normal examination of GI tract
32
How to determine gender?
33
Dissection
Oropharyngeal dissection + Examination:
* With scissors entert he right hand side corner of beak & cut down oesophagus until crop + open it --> examine content + mucosa
* Check oral & oesophageal mucosa
* Check tongue + intactness of coana (discharge?)
* Open trachea until biforcation: check mucosa & content (prox. or deep? if present)
34
Normal description mucous membrane
Smooth, shiny and intact?
35
What to examin and how?
Btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with fingers
* Bluntly destroy connection btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with fingers
* Try to gently lift up lungs & cut rest of connection with knife -trachea & oesophagus will remain on carcass!
* Examine: pleura + serosal membrane
36
Normal description of the Thorax
37
Dissection
Examine Heart & Lungs:
* Do NOT separate the two!!
* Lungs: as in mammals (only L&R lungs, ∅ Lobes)
* Heart: similar to mammals
* Make incisions on both sides of septum & take out blood clots
* Turn over & open up right hand side with scissors to check pulmonary artery
* Open left hand side and check aorta
38
Normal description Lungs
39
Dissection
Examination of Ischiadic Nerve:
* Dislocate joints -->cut into muscles btw hip & femur & search for Nerve (runs with Femoral a&v)
* Lift & pull nerve with foreceps --> seperate from surrounding tissue
* With Rib-cutter, cut foramen obturatum & follow the nerve into body cavity
* When nerve is free: cut at Knee level & fold inwards into body cavity (do so on both sides)
* Compare thickness & symmetry (important for **Mareks** disease=swollen)
40
Dissection
Joint & Bone examination:
* (check symmetry & compare lesions)
* If suspected lesion, check every major joint (wings, ect.)
* **Knee joint:**
* make horizontal cut with clean knife to open joint: check amount + quality of synovia
* Then open joint further & examine cartilages (should be smooth/shiny/intact/white)
* NOTE: don ́t forget to feel „fat-pad“ in knee
* **Bone**:
* Stabilize foot onto table & make a cut into the head of tibia, parallel to axis of foot
* When knife is deep enough to it can ́t slipp inside the head of tibia (careful!), use flat hand to push blade down through bone
* if too easy= **Ricketts**/ deficiency of** Vit. D &/or Calcium**
* Then examine:
1. white cartilage
2. 1mm thick epiphyseal layer (greyish)
3. Ossification layer
4. Bone Marrow (dark red) --> Compare L & R
41
Normal description Joint
42
Normal description Bone
43
Dissection
Brain examination:
* Remove skin by cutting through comb & tear skin backwards
* Take head into palm & with rentle „peeling“ movements with blade: peel down cranium from Brain. (do-able in chicks + Broilers, but harder in adults, turkeys & waterfowls)
* When brain exposed= Finished (∅ have to take it out)
* **Necrotic foci= Salmonella**
* **Haemorrhages= Vitamin E deficiency**
44
Normal description brain
45
* **Outer Eggshall Examination:**
1. **Shape**
2. **Size**
3. **Color** (vast difference btw species)
* Hypopigmentation (disease)
* Hyperpigmentation
4. **Incidental deformities**
- thin shelled
- Wrinkled
- Sweating? Then bacterial contamination occured
5. **Contaminations** (faeces) - dug egg = always dirty -diarrhea
6. **Injuries**
* mechanical effects: fissures, depressions
* can be caused by both Vit D & calcium deficiency or nest problems
7. **Size of air cell** (lamping) - grows with age!
46
Egg
Inner examination
1. **Open at broad end** (air sac end)
2.** Examination of shel**l
* thickness & evenness
* presence of faeces on the egg shell membranes
* state of blood vessels
3. **Examination of yolk**
* Absorbed or not?
* Quality
* normal= **butter-lemon-orange color** -**centrally** located (held in place by **Chalaza**)
* **„twinning egg yolks“** occur when in **stress**
4. **Dissection of embryo** ( if present)
