Patho Test 1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
0
Q
2 types of feedback mechanism
A
1) negative feedback
2) positive feedback
1
Q
3 components of feedback control
A
1) sensor
2) integrator/comparator/regulatory center
3) effector
2
Q
Iatrogenic etiology
A
Caused by healthcare professional during treatment or diagnostic procedure
3
Q
Clinical manifestations are investigated by acronym…
A
OPQRST
4
Q
OPQRST means…
A
Onset Provocative Quality Region/radiation Severity Timing
5
Q
Investigate symptoms asking about…
A
Location Quality Quantity Chronology Setting Aggravating/alleviating factors Associated manifestations Meanings to patient
6
Q
Stages of the disease process…
A
Exposure Latent incubation Prodromal period Acute phase Remission Convalescence Recovery
7
Q
Cells adapt by changing…
A
Size
Number
Type
8
Q
Atrophy
A
Cell size decreases
9
Q
Causes of atrophy
A
Disuse Denervation Loss of endocrine stimulation Inadequate nutrition Ischemia
10
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Cell size increases which increases the cell functioning tissue mass
11
Q
2 types of hypertrophy
A
1) physiologic - exercise
2) pathologic - hypertension
12
Q
Hyperplasia
A
Cell number increases
13
Q
Metaplasia
A
Reversible replacement of one cell type by another of same family
Response to chronic irritation
Reprogramming of stem cells
14
Q
Dysplasia
A
Atypical form of hyperplasia
Changes to number size shape and organization
Precursor to cancer
15
Q
Neoplasia
A
Abnormal proliferation of cells
Abnormally grow OR don’t die
16
Q
Causes of cell injury
A
Hypoxia
Oxygen-derived free radicals
Impaired calcium homeostasis
Chemical injury
17
Q
Reperfusion (hypoxia-reoxygenation) injury
A
Reperfused tissue must sustain loss of cells in addition to irreversibly damaged cells after ischemia
18
Q
Reperfusion injury causes what major problem for remaining cells?
A
Highly reactive oxygen intermediates
19
Q
OFR
A
Oxygen free radical
20
Q
Examples of antioxidants
A
Alpha lipoid acid Vit A, C, E Coenzyme Q10 Selenium Polyphenols (green tea)
21
Q
Parasympathetic
A
Rest and digest
22
Q
Sympathetic
A
Fight or flight
23
Q
GAS 3 structural changes
A
Enlarged adrenal glands
Decreased thymus gland
Gastrointestinal ulceration
24
3 stages of GAS
Alarm
Stage of resistance/adaptation
Stage of exhaustion
25
3 systems that respond to stress
Nervous
Endocrine
Immune
26
3 components of physiological stress
Stressor
Physical/chemical disturbance
Body's counteracting response
27
3 types of flu virus
Type a, b, c
28
Type a flu virus subtype
H1n1
H1n2
H3n2
29
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates TSH
30
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates ACTH
31
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates LH and FSH
32
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - stimulates GH
33
Somatotropin release inhibiting hormone (SRIH)
Origin - hypothalamus
Target - anterior pituitary
Action - inhibits GH
34
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - thyroid
Action - stimulates thyroid hormone
35
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - ovaries and testes
Action - stimulates ovarian follicles and sperm maturation
36
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - ovaries and testes
Action - stimulates ovulation. Synthesize sex hormones
37
Growth hormone (GH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - body
Action - stimulates protein synthesis and growth
38
Prolactin
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - breasts
Action - stimulates milk production
39
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - adrenal cortex
Action - secrete adrenal cortical hormones
40
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Origin - anterior pituitary
Target - skin cells
Action - stimulates melanin synthesis
41
Oxytocin
Origin - posterior pituitary
Target - breast and uterus
Action - stimulates milk ejection and contraction
42
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Origin - posterior pituitary
Target - renal collecting ducts
Action - stimulates water reabsorption
43
L-thyroxine (T4)
| Triiodothyronine (T3)
Origin - thyroid gland
Target - peripheral tissues
Action - skeletal growth, heat production, increased o2, protein, fat, and carbs use
44
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Origin - adrenal cortex
Target - peripheral tissue
Action - stimulates gluconeogensis, anti inflammatory, immunosuppression
45
Aldosterone
Origin - adrenal cortex
Target - renal tubules
Action - increase na reabsorption, k+ secretion, h+ secretion
46
Epinephrine
Origin - adrenal medulla
47
Norepinephrine
Origin - adrenal medulla
48
3 causes of endocrine disorders
1) hypo secretion
2) hyper secretion
3) lack of responsiveness
49
Panhypopituitarism
Condition if decreased production of all pituitary hormones
50
Somatotropin
Growth hormone
51
GH excess in children leads to
Gigantism
52
GH excess in adults leads to
Acromegaly
53
Dz of congenital hypothyroidism
Cretinism
54
Hashimotos's dz
Destruction of thyroid cells by various cell and antibody mediated immune processes
55
Most common cause of hypothyroidism after age 6
Hashimoto's dz
56
Subacute thyroiditis (SAT)
Hyperthyroidism from cell breakdown
Hypothyroidism after breakdown is metabolized
Returns to normal function
57
Graves dz
Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
| Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
58
Most common cause of childhood thyrotoxicosis
Graves dz
59
Myxedema
Normally occurs in hypothyroidism
Can occur in other thyroid conditions
Usually in anterior tibial location
60
Adrenal cortical hormone categories
```
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Adrenal androgens (androstenedione)
```
61
Cushings dz
Adrenal cortex dz
Too much cortisol
Body produces excess ACTH
62
Addison's dz
Adrenal hypo function
Not enough steroids
Electrolyte imbalance from lack of aldosterone
63
Conn's syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Sodium and water are reabsorbed
Decreased potassium
64
Pheochromocytoma
Tumor of adrenal medulla
65
Complications of seasonal flu
Bacterial pneumonia
Ear or sinus infection
Dehydration
Worsening of chronic condition
66
Groups more likely to have flu complications
```
> or = 65
< or = 2
Anyone with chronic medical condition
Morbid obesity
Native Americans
Indigenous Alaskans
```
67
Number of weeks for body to compile flu antibodies
Two
68
Most common inhaled bacteria cause of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia
| Aka pneumococcus
69
Most common cause of all bacterial pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia
70
Most common type of atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma
| Aka walking pneumonia
73
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone
74
Diabetes insipidus
Not enough ADH
117
Four F's of hypothalamus responsibilities
Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Fertility
118
Thyrotropin is aka
TSH
119
Wellness
Holistic process focusing on physical emotional spiritual and mental balance
120
Disease
The presence of a pathology
121
Illness
Patients perception of their health regardless of disease
122
Three aspects of disease process
Etiology - cause
Pathogenesis - mechanism of disease process
Clinical manifestations - consequences of the structural or biochemical alterations
123
5 adaptive cellular changes
```
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
```
124
Most common cause of cellular injury
Hypoxia
125
Mechanisms responsible for reperfusion injury
```
Reactive oxygen intermediates
Reactive nitrogen species
Overload of cytosolic calcium
Production of cytokines
Neutrophil influx
*pg 15/16
```
126
Outcomes of cellular injury
Reversible injury/cell recovery
Apoptosis
Cell death/necrosis
127
Vacuolation
Hypoxic injury - membrane damage - Na K pump failure - shift of fluids into cell - ER up takes extra water causing distention - ruptures into large vacuoles that isolate water from cytoplasm
*pg 19
128
Apoptosis
Active process using ATP
does not have inflammatory response
Doesn't affect surrounding cells
129
Necrosis
Occurs in irreversible damaged cells
Passive process
Affects surrounding cells
Significant inflammatory response
130
Normal apoptosis
Programmed destruction during embryogenesis
Involution of hormone dependent cells in withdraw
Cell loss in proliferating cell processes
Eliminating harmful self-reactive lymphocyte
Cells that have served their purpose ie after inflammatory response
131
Pathological apoptosis
DNA damage that self kills to prevent further damage
Accumulation of miss folded proteins
Cell death during infections
Pathological in organs after duct obstructions
*pg 21/22
132
Gangrene
Necrosis of an area of tissue usually do to interruption of blood flow
133
Dry gangrene
Caused by interference of ARTERIAL blood supply
NO venous interference
Dry shriveled skin brown - purple - black colored
Developers and spreads slowly
Irritation of dead tissue causes "line of demarcation"
Occurs mostly with pt that have blood vessel dz atherosclerosis
134
Wet gangrene
```
Interrupted VENOUS drainage caused by burn/frostbite/injury
Area is cold swollen and pulseless
Swelling blistering and wet appearance
Skin is moist black and under tension
Spreads rapidly
```
135
Gas gangrene
Infection of anaerobic spore forming rod shaped bacillus CLOSTRIDIUM species
Normal flora in GI and female genitourinary system and soil
Enters body after trauma or wound
Typically affects deep muscle tissue
Bubbles of hydrogen sulfide gas form
Crackling sound of skin (subq emphysema)
136
Internal gangrene
Gangrene affecting one or more organs
| Blood flow to organ is blocked
137
Somatic death
Death of entire organism due to absence of respiration and heart beat
138
GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
139
Cerebral cortex in regards to GAS
Perception and evaluation of the stressor based on past experiences, future consequences, and plans course of action
140
Reticular formation
RAS: reticular activating system
| Sends impulses of alertness to lembic sys and cerebral cortex
141
Mild/acute stress and immune system
Immune system INCREASES in B cells and natural killer cells
142
Chronic stress and immune system
Immune system becomes SUPPRESSED
143
Sympathetic adrenal medullary system
Reduces flow to internal organs and mobilizes energy to heart and muscles
144
Mechanisms that regulate hormone release
```
Chemical factors (blood sugar)
Endocrine factors (other hormone producing glands)
Neural control
```
145
Somatostatin
Inhibits growth hormone production
146
GH is stimulated by
Hypoglycemia
Increased blood levels of amino acids
Stress conditions
147
GH is inhibited by
Increased glucose levels
Free fatty acid release
Cortisol
Obesity
148
Congenital hyposomatotropism (hypo growth hormone) symptoms
Birth ht and wt between 5-10%
Extreme hypoglycemia causing seizures
Neonatal growth curves
"Cherub-like" facial features
149
Somatopause
Declining growth hormone usually in adults
150
Pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine secreting tumor
