Thinking pathophysiologically:
how it is supposed to happen (health) and what has gone wrong
Components of ICF:
K+, PO4-, anions (including proteins with negative charges)
components of ECF:
Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, nutrients, glucose, albumin
extracellular fluid is __% of TBW in adults and __ % in children
40, 60 making a child’s body water more at “risk” of loss since most of it is outside the cell
what can pass through the cell membrane?
water (through pores), lipids (and lipid-solube substances), gases
what cannot pass through the cell membrane?
most charged particles and water soluble (proteins, carbs, non-lipids)
sequence of multiple enzymatic steps in order
metabolism
what do buffers do?
resist change
anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm
glycolysis
Prokaryotes
Organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles & a defined nucleus; usually single-celled; eg. bacteria
Eukaryotes
Organisms with membrane-bound organelles with a defined nucleus. eg. human and animals.
breathing in and out of lungs
ventilation
digestion in the cell
respiration
used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen
cytochrome
any chemical substance that binds to a receptor
ligands
Chemical Buffer
Carbonic anhydrase system.
Respiratory Buffer
Type of volatile buffer in which C02 (carbonic acid) is removed from the body via pulmonary ventilation.
Renal Buffer
Metabolic buffer in which kidneys excrete acid or alkaline in titratable (fixed) amounts; More powerful than respiratory action.
The part of the gene that provides the information code to make the protein is called
exon
is in protein and nucleic acid
nitrogen
eu- means
normal
Acid
Results from call chemical activity; pH below 7 (lower pH has more H+); gives up H+
Base/Alkaline
pH above 7; accepts H+
Conformation
3D structure/configuration of a protein; determines a protein’s functional properties; changing conformation disrupts protein structure and therefore function.
pH range of blood?
7.38 - 7.42 (7.4 is optimal)
What is pH?
A mathematical measurement of the relative amount of acid (H+) in a solution.
Electrolytes
Charged particles in living systems.
Anions
Negatively charged particles. eg. Cl-, HC03-
Cations
Positively charged particles. eg. Na+, Ca2+
Ligand
any substance or chemical that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs (exogenous), antigens, etc.
genes in sequence that are making a series of enzymes that are making a metabolic pathway
operon
percentage of times the allele will affect the phenotype
variable penetrance
variable expressivity:
expresses the trait in different degrees
tell the cell to fix itself or to kill itself if something goes wrong
proto- oncogenes
mutated proto-oncogene that allows the formation of cancer
oncogene
tiny changes in DNA that produce differences in people
SNPs
Ligand
any substance that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, antigens, etc.
Cellular Receptors
Protein molecules located in/on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, DNA, etc. They can recognize and bind ligands and can activate second messengers.
Endocrine signaling pathway
Hormones travel through bloodstream to affect remote cells over long distances. eg. insulin affecting all somatic cells.
Paracrine signaling pathway
“contact signaling” by local chemical transmitters; local chemical mediators affect local cells. eg. histamine
Synaptic signaling pathway
NTs are released by neurons at the synaptic junction. eg. ACh at neuromuscular junction causes muscle contraction.
Metabolism
A sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Nucleus
Largest organelle enclosed my nuclear envelope (membrane); contains genetic information in the form of DNA; contains nucleolus where ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes
RNA-protein complexes that are made in the nucleus and sent to the cytoplasm. Involved in protein synthesis.
Rough E.R.
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins.
Smooth E.R.
Endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes; involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids.
Gogli apparatus/complex
The processing area of the cell where substances are packaged for transport.
Lysosomes
Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that breakdown substances.
Peroxisomes
Vesicles containing oxidative enzymes; function in cellular metabolism.
Mitochondria
Energy factory for the cell where ATP is produced from oxidative respiration.
Cytoskeleten
Structural components of the cell consisting of protein microtubules and microfilaments; also includes cilia, flagella and centrioles.
Anabolism
The building up, storage, or synthesis of new matter.
Catabolism
Breaking down and utilizing stored materials for energy.