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Semestre 6: bloque 2 > Patho week 2 > Flashcards

Patho week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia

A

Strep pneumoniae

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2
Q

Bacteria associated with pneumonia in children

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b

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3
Q

Bacteria associated with secondary pneumonia following viral infection

A

Staph aureus

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4
Q

Bacteria associated with pneumonia in the elderly

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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5
Q

2nd cause of COPD and 3rd cause of otitis media

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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6
Q

Most frequent gram (-) pneumonia that affects chronic alcoholics

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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7
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia that is also associated with neutropenic patients

A

Pseudomona aeruginosa

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8
Q

Bacteria found in water supplies that affects post-transplant patients

A

Legionella pneumophila

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9
Q

Bacteria associated with pneumonia in closed communities

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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10
Q

Types of pneumonia (2)

A

Bronchopneumonia: patchy consolidation
Lobar pneumonia: entire lobule

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11
Q

Stages of pneumonia (4)

A
  • Congestion: vascular enlargement and few neutrophils
  • Red hepatization: red/firm lung; exudation with RBC and neutrophhils
  • Grey hepatization: grayish brown, disintegration of cells but persistence of exudate
  • Resolution: exudate broken
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12
Q

How is the lobe in a rx of pneumonia

A

Radiopaque

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13
Q

Morphology of community acquired viral pneumonia

A

Hyperemia and swelling
Hyperplasia within Waldeyer ring
Red-blue and congested lung
Inflammatory reaction with mononuclear infiltrate

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14
Q

Most common microorganisms in health care associated pneumonia

A

Methicillin-resistant S aureus and P aeruginosa

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15
Q

Risk patients in hospital acquired pneumonia

A

Patients on mechanical ventilation

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16
Q

Causes of chronic pneumonia

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Histoplasma capsulatum

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17
Q

Pneumonia-associated fungi acquired from bat/bird droppings in the soil

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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18
Q

Where are lung abscesses often found

A

Right lung

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19
Q

Transmission of tuberculosis

A

Humans with active tuberculosis release mycobacteria into sputum

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis

A

Entry into macrophages
Coronin activates phosphatase calcineurin to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion
Immune response → Th1, IFN-y
Granulomatous inflammation and caseous necrosis

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21
Q

Immune response to tuberculosis

A

Th1

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22
Q

Difference between primary and secondary tuberculosis

A

Primary: previously unexposed and unsensitized px (asymptomatic)
Secondary: previously sensitized host (when defenses are weakened)

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23
Q

Gold standar diagnosis for tuberculosis

A

Cultures

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24
Q

Diagnosis for latent tuberculosis

A

IGRAs and PPD

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25
Morphology of primary tuberculosis
Ghon focus → gray area of inflammation with consolidation, center is caseous necrosis Ghon complex → parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement Ranke complex → calcified Granulomatous inflammatory reaction
26
Morphology of secondary tuberculosis
Small focus of consolidation Coalescent tubercles with central caseation
27
Apical lesion expands and erodes o bronchi and vessels producing hemoptysis
Progressive primary tuberculosis
28
TB where organisms draining through lymphatics enter venous blood and circulate back to lung
Miliary tuberculosis
29
Most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans
Candida albicans
30
Risk factor for Candida albicans
Neutropenia
31
Immune defense against Candida albicans
Neutrophils and macrophages Th17 responses
32
Stains to identify Candida albicans
Gomori methenamine-silver and periodic acid-Schiff
33
Pathophysiology of herpes virus infection
Virus spreads to sensory neurons → transported along axons to neuronal cell bodies → latent infection → reactivation if immunocompromised
34
Morphology of herpes simplex virus infected cells
Cowdry type A: intranuclear inclusions Multinucleated syncytia
35
Lobes affected by HSV-1 in encephalitis
Temporal lobes and orbital gyri of frontal lobes
36
Characteristics of CMV infection
Healthy: asymptomatic or mononucleosis Immunosupressed: pneumonitis and colitis
37
Characteristic of CMV infected cells
Clear halo
38
Characteristics of C difficile
Gram (+) bacilli Pseudomembranous colitis Cause: antibiotic use
39
Treatment for C difficile
Metronidazole and vancomycin Fecal transplantation
40
Main characteristics of hepatitis A virus
Does not lead to chronic or carrier state By ingestion of contaminated water/food
41
Which hepatitis virus is DNA and which is RNA
Hepatitis B: DNA virus Hepatitis C: RNA virus
42
Main protein in hepatitis B virus and its role
* HBsAg * Permits viral entry (with NTCP bile salt transporter) * Appears in onset of symptoms and disappearce 12 weeks later * In chronic state, persists for life
43
Levels of HBV proteins at different stages of the disease
* HBsAg: onset of symptoms, declines 12 weeks post clearance but persists in chronic state * Anti-HBs antibody: following resolution (persists for life) * HBeAg, HBV DNA, HBV DNA polymerase: active viral replication
44
Proteins in HCV that impair antiviral response
NS3/NS4a
45
Clinical features of HCV (levels at different stages)
HCV RNA: 1-3 weeks in acute infection Anti-HCV antibodies: 3-6 weeks post infection Elevated aminotransferases: chronic phase
46
Clinicopathologic syndromes of viral hepatitis
* Asymptomatic acute * Symptomatic acute: incubation, preicteric, icteric, convalescence phase * Acute liver failure (fulminant): massive necrosis * Chronic: 6 months, cirrhosis and persistent increase of transaminases * Carrier state: asymptomatic but can transmit
47
What can be detected on a patient in carrier state of viral hepatitis
HBsAg and anti-HBe but no HBeAg
48
Morphology of acute viral hepatitis
Portal and lobular inflammatory infiltrate Necrosis or apoptosis
49
Morphologic characteristic of HBV
Ground-glass appearance: RE of hepatocytes filled with HBsAg
50
Morphologic characteristic of HCV
Lymphoid aggregates & stenosis
51
Most common route of neuroinfections
Hematogenous route
52
Blood levels in acute pyogenic meningitis
* Pleocytosis (neutrophils) * High CSF pressure * High proteins * Low glucose
52
Most common bacteria in acute pyogenic meningitis in neonates, elderly and adolescents
E coli and group B streptococci: neonates S pneumoniae and Listeria: elderly N meningitidis: adolescents
53
Symptoms of acute pyogenic meningitis
Headache, photophobia, irritability, clouding of consciousness, neck stiffness
54
Complication of acute pyogenic meningitis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen sx
55
Morphology of acute pyogenic meningitis
Exudate with engorged meningeal vessels Neutrophils fill subarachnoid space
56
Most common microorganism in acute aseptic meningitis
Enterovirus
57
Characteristics of acute aseptic meningitis
Absence of organisms by bacterial culture Meningeal irritation, alterations consciousness Labs: pleocytosis (lymphocytes), normal/high proteins, high CSF pressure, normal glucose
58
Labs in acute focal suppurative infections (brain abscess)
* High CSF pressure * Pleocytosis (lymphocytes) * High proteins * Normal glucose
59
Most common organisms of viral encephalitis
Herpes simplex virus and citomegalovirus
60
Characteristicis of HSV-1 encephalitis
Affects children and young adults Alterations in mood and behavior Involves temporal lobes
61
Characteristics of CMV encephalitis
Affect fetus and immunosuppressed px
62
Classification of infectious endocarditis
Acute → highly virulent; often require surgery Subacute → lower virulence; cured with antibiotics alone
63
Complication of infectious endocarditis
Glomerulonephritis
64
Hallmark of infectious endocarditis
Vegetations
65
Most affected valves in infectious endocarditis
Aortal and mitral valve
66
Most common organism in infectious myocarditis
Coxsackie A and B virus (most) Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas)
67
Morphologic characteristics of infectious myocarditis
Heart normal or dilated Lymphocyte infiltrate with apoptotic myocytes
68
Morphology of acute pericarditis
Serous → leukocyte infiltrate (viral or tumors) Fibrinous → fibrin exudates (autoimmune, trauma, infarction) Suppurative → serous surfaces red/granular/exudate (bacterial)
69
Clinical finding in acute pericarditis
Loud pericardial friction rub

Semestre 6: bloque 2 (10 decks)

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