Pathogenesis Of HIV Infection ( Cont Of Viral Inf )

Question 1

Where does onvelope proteins gp120 and gp41 bings to?

Answer 1

CD4+ cell receptors and coreceptors ( CCR- or CXCR-4 )

Question 2

How can the HIV enter the CD4+ cell

Answer 2

HIV envelope and CD4 cell membrane fuses

Question 3

HIV membrane and the envelope proteins remain ____ of the CD4= cell, whereas the core of the virus ___ the CD4+ cell

Answer 3

Outside

Enters

Question 4

__ cell enzymes interact with the viral core and stimulate the release of viral RNA and the viral enzymes

Answer 4

CD4+

Question 5

Conversion of HIV RNA to DNA is known as _____; mediated by the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase

Answer 5

Reverse transcription

Question 6

Reverse traascription is medaited by what HIZ enyzme

Answer 6

Reverse transcriptase

Question 7

What do you call this process?

Viral enzyme integrase then inserts the viral DNA into the CD4+ cell’s DNA

Answer 7

Integration

Question 8

Viral enzyme ___ then inserts the viral DNA into the CD4+ cell’s DNA

Answer 8

Integrase

Question 9

The new DNA causes the production of _____ that initiates the synthesis of HIV proteins

Answer 9

Messenger RNA

Question 10

What are the building blocks for more HIV

Answer 10

Long chains of HIV proteins

Question 11

What cells gathers at the CD4+ cell membrane to form new viruses

Answer 11

HIV proteins and viral RNA

Question 12

New HIV RNA and HIV protein made by the host CD4+ cell move to the surface of the cell and assemble into what type of HIV

Answer 12

Immature (noninfectious) HIV

Question 13

Immature HIV pushes itself out of the host CD4 cell wall by??

Answer 13

Budding

Question 14

New virus has all the components necessary to infect other CD4+ cells but cannot do so until it has ____

Answer 14

Matured

Question 15

New HIV releases ____, which cuts the long protein chains of the virus into smaller functional units that then reassemble to form a mature virus

Answer 15

Protease

Question 16

Steps in the production of NEW HIV from HIV

Answer 16

1. HIV attaches to the surface of the CD4 cells
2. HIV proteins and enzymes are released into the cell
3. Reerse transcription produces a souble strand HIV
4. Integrase enables HIV to link into the cell’s DNA
5. Proteases cuts and reassembles new HIV
6. Each cell produces hundreds of new virions

Question 17

How many years does HIV virus often enters a dormant stage?

Answer 17

2-15 years

Question 18

When HIV is transmitted, fusion with CD4 cells occurs rapidly, and withina. Few days the virus migrates to ____, and then enters the circulaion

This results in widespread dissemination to the brain and the lymphatic system, causing the ______ or the ____ syndrome

Answer 18

Regional lymph nodes

Primary HIV infection or the seroconversion syndrome

Question 19

Within 6-12 weeks of acquiring the virus, What test can be used to detect antibodies to HIV in the blood

Answer 19

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot can document seroconversion = positive to HIV

Question 20

What do you call the time between viral infection and seroconversion is

Answer 20

“Window period”

Question 21

Patients who acquire HIV generally remain asymptomatic until their CD4 cell cound falls below ____ cells/mm3, at which time the patient enters the ______ HIV infection

Answer 21

500 cells/mm3

Symptomatic HIV infection

Question 22

AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count falls below ___ cells/mm3 or when one of the AIDS defining illnesses is documented

Answer 22

200 cells/mm3

Question 23

____ is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count falls below 200 cels/mm3 or when one of the AIDS defining illnesses is documented

Answer 23

AIDS

Question 24

____ characterized by a CD4 cell count <50cells/mm3, overwhelming opportunistic infections and death

Answer 24

Advanced HIV infection

Question 25

Without antiretroviral therapy, the progression of HIV frmo transmission to death is approximately ___ years

Answer 25

10-12 years

Question 26

______ can help prevent HIV infection in people who dont have HIV but who are at high risk of becoming infected with HIV

Answer 26

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Question 27

____ involves taking HIV medicines very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent becoming infected with HIV

Answer 27

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Question 28

Examples of antiretroviral drugs in treatment for HIV

Answer 28

- entry inhibitors - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - protease inhibitor - integrase inhibitors