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Biology Triple Science > Pathogens And Immume System > Flashcards

Pathogens And Immume System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein on a cell which allows it to be recognised

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2
Q

What is an pathogen?

A

A microorganism which causes disease

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3
Q

What is an antibody?

A

• Released by white blood cells
• Recognises foreign cells

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4
Q

How do non-specific defences stop pathogens entering the body? Discuss skin, nose, trachea and bronchi and stomach.

A

Skin: acts as a barrier
Nose: hairs to trap pathogens and dust
Trachea and bronchi: mucus traps and cilia (hairs) sweep out
Stomach: hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

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5
Q

What cells make up the immune system?

A

White blood cells

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6
Q

How do white blood cells help the body fight pathogens?

A

• Release antibodies
• Release antitoxins
• Some are phagocytes (a
type of white blood cell)

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7
Q

How do antibodies help the body fight pathogens?

A

• Recognise antigens of pathogens
• Cause them to clump together and mark them for destruction

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8
Q

How do antitoxins help the body fight pathogens?

A

Neutralise toxins released by bacteria

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9
Q

How do phagocytes help the body fight pathogens?

A

Engulf and digest pathogens

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10
Q

What is in vaccines?

A

Dead or inactive form of pathogens

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11
Q

What does injecting small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens stimulate?

A

White blood cells to release antibodies

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12
Q

What is a memory cell?

A

• A cell which remembers the antibodies you have made before
• If you are infected by the same pathogen, you can fight it off before you get ill

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13
Q

What are drugs?

A

A substance which effects how your cells, tissue, organs or organ systems work

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14
Q

Give an example of drugs that treat symptoms of disease.

A

Painkillers – relieve pain

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15
Q

What type of drug kills bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Why do antibiotics not work on viruses?

A

• Virus live inside cells
• So antibiotics can’t reach
them

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17
Q

What is the biggest concern with antibiotics?

A

• Resistant bacteria (like MRSA) which are not killed by antibiotics
• This is an example of evolution

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18
Q

What drug originates from foxgloves?

A

Digitalis

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19
Q

What drug originates from willow?

A

Aspirin

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20
Q

What was the first antibiotic, what organism did it come from and who discovered it?

A

• Penicillin
• From mould
• By Alexander Flemming

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21
Q

Why do we perform drug trials before doctors are allowed to prescribe them?

A

To check for safety, efficacy and dosage

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22
Q

What is the difference between clinical and pre-clinical testing?

A

Clinical is on patients Preclinical cells and animals

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23
Q

Define the words safety, efficacy and dose.

A

• Safety: is it toxic?
• Efficacy: does it work?
• Dosage: how much and
how often?

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of clinical testing?

A
  1. Healthy volunteers low dose (safety)
  2. Healthy volunteers different doses (dosage)
  3. Patients (efficacy)
25
Q

What is a placebo?

A

• A fake drug
• So patients don’t know if
they have taken drug or
not
• Reduces placebo effect

26
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

• Neither doctor or patient knows who has had the drug and who has had the placebo
• Reduces bias

27
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A
  1. Protist
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Virus
28
Q

What do pathogens need to do to cause disease?

A

Get into the body/cell of an organism and multiply

29
Q

How do bacteria make us feel unwell?

A

Release toxins

30
Q

How do viruses makes us feel unwell?

A
  1. Enter cells
  2. Multiply
  3. Make the cell burst
31
Q

Gonorrhoea:
What symptoms?

A

• Pain when urinating
• Green and yellow discharge

32
Q

Gonorrhoea:
What prevention?

A

• Condom
• Don’t have sex

33
Q

HIV:
What pathogen?

A

Virus

34
Q

HIV:
What symptoms

A

• Flu like symptoms
• AIDS: immune
system effected

35
Q

HIV:
What treatment?

A

Anti-retro-viral drugs

36
Q

HIV:
What prevention?

A

• Condom
• Don’t have sex
• Don’t share needles

37
Q

Salmonella:
What pathogen?

A

Bacteria

38
Q

Salmonella:
What symptoms?

A

• Vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Diarhoea

39
Q

Salmonella:
What treatment

A

Antibiotics

40
Q

Salmonella:
What prevention?

A

• Cook food properly
• Wash hands before
preparing food
• Isolate people with
pathogen

41
Q

Malaria:
What pathogen

A

Protist

42
Q

Malaria:
What symptoms?

A

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Diarhoea

43
Q

Malaria:
What treatment?

A

None

44
Q

Malaria:
What prevention?

A

• Anti-malaria tablets
• Kill mosquitos
• Get rid of stagnant
water (where mosquitos
live)
• Use mosquito nets

45
Q

Measles:
What pathogen?

A

Virus

46
Q

Measles:
What symptoms?

A

• Fever
• Rash

47
Q

Measles:
What treatment

A

No cure

48
Q

Measles:
What prevention?

A

• Isolate individuals with pathogen

49
Q

TMV:
What pathogen?

A

Virus

50
Q

TMV:
What symptoms?

A

• Yellow leaves (chlorosis)

51
Q

TMV:
What treatment?

A

None

52
Q

TMV:
What prevention?

A

Remove plants with virus

53
Q

Rose Black Spot:
What pathogen?

A

Fungi

54
Q

Rose Black Spot:
What symptoms?

A

Black spot on leaves

55
Q

Rose Black Spot:
What treatment?

A

Anti-fungal

56
Q

Rose Black Spot:
What prevention?

A

• Remove plants with fungi

Biology Triple Science (7 decks)

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