Pathogens and pathogenesis

Question 1

Candida Albicans Mortality rate

Answer 1

40%

Question 2

Candida Albicans systemic infections/year

Answer 2

400,000

Question 3

Aspergillus Mortality rate

Answer 3

80%

Question 4

Aspergillus Systemic infections/year

Answer 4

200,000

Question 5

Cryptococcus Mortality rate

Answer 5

40%

Question 6

Cryptococcus Systemic infections

Answer 6

1,000,000

Question 7

Why are fungal infections increasing?

Answer 7

Medical Advances

Ageing Population

Scientific Advances

Increased antifungal resistance

Question 8

Dimorphism

Answer 8

Changing of shape.
e.g Yeast to hyphae

Question 9

Polymorphic

Answer 9

Many different forms

Question 10

What sort of infection do Opportunistic Fungi cause?

Answer 10

Secondary

Question 11

What sort of individuals do Primary Fungi infect?

Answer 11

Healthy

Question 12

What are primary fungi catergorised as?

Answer 12

CAT3

Question 13

Examples of CAT3 Fungi

Answer 13

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Histoplasma Capsulatum

Coccidioides Immitis

Cryptococcus Gattii

Question 14

What is an example of a fungi that causes solely a superficial infection?

Answer 14

Malassezia Furfur

Question 15

What is an example of a fungi that causes superficial, subcutaneous and Systemic infections?

Answer 15

Candida Albicans

Question 16

What is an example of a fungi that causes solely systemic infections?

Answer 16

Mucormycetes

Question 17

Virulence

Answer 17

Intensity of Pathogenicity, the more virulence = the faster it will kill you.

Question 18

Virulence factor

Answer 18

A factor that functions to increase virulence

Question 19

Virulence

Answer 19

The intensity of Pathogenicity, the more virulence = the faster it will kill you.

Question 20

Fitness Attributes

Answer 20

Function is required for growth. Gene required for growth of the pathogen.

Question 21

What happens if you knock out a virulence gene?

Answer 21

Virulence decreases and deaths caused by the virus decrease also.

Question 22

What is the difference between fitness attributes and virulence factors?

Answer 22

Virulence factors affect pathogenicity, and fitness attributes are essential for the growth of the pathogen.

Question 23

What causes Seborrhoeic Dermatitis?

Answer 23

Malassezia Furfur

Question 24

What is Malassezia Furfur dependent on for growth?

Answer 24

Exogenous lipids use natural oils and sebum.

Metabolises sebum into fatty acids.

Question 25

How does Malassezia Furfur use fatty acids?

Answer 25

Saturated is used for metabolism.
Doesn’t use unsaturated.

Question 26

What happens to the unused unsaturated fat?

Answer 26

Accumulates on the skin and irritates it which leads to itching and flaking of the skin.

Question 27

What is ringworm caused by?

Answer 27

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

Question 28

How is ringworm transmitted?

Answer 28

It is dependent on human and animal infection for survival and dissemination of species.

Question 29

What does candida Albicans cause?

Answer 29

Skin infections, genital and oral thrush as well as systemic disease

Question 30

Where are candida Albicans infections primarily acquired?

Answer 30

Hospitals
- Biofilms in catheters / infected lines

Question 31

What is aspergillosis known as?

Answer 31

Farmers lung

Question 32

How do you acquire farmers lung?

Answer 32

Fungi grows in hay/fields, spores are then inhaled and a fungal ball forms in the lungs.

This damages the lungs and respiratory epithelium.

Question 33

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