Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IHL Exam 2 > Pathogens flashies > Flashcards

Pathogens flashies Flashcards

1
Q

microbiota

A

normal florapart of the innate immunitydo not cause disease (do some good)

commensalists or mutualists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much does normal flora weigh?

A

5-10 pounds1/3 in feces also lots on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

commensalism

A

neither harm or benefit the carrying host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

benefits of flora?

A

produce Vit K

absorb nutrients

secrete bacteriocins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mutualism

A

symbioitic relationship between two organisms where both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bacteriocins

A

released by normal flora to kill other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

penicillinase bacteria

A

can interfere with therapy

breaks down penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

harm of flora

A

can be come pathogenic outside of normal niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

streptococcus viridans

A

in mouth

can get to heart during dental procedures and results in infections endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

opportunistic pathogens?

A

normal flora outside of normal location can cause problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

resident normal flora?

A

costant and well defined

role in interference-compete for binding site, nutrients, and create metabolic/toxic products and bacteriocidins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

three types of microbiota?

A

resident, transient, colonzation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

colonization?

A

establishment of microbial population

acquisition of a new organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

flora in utero?

A

we are sterile
develop flora through birth canal, breast feeding, bottle feeding

facultative flora - acquired from oral exposure to feces

strict anaerobes can colonize only after sufficient facultative organisms are established enough that oxygen concentration are maintained at reduced levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

two basic mechanisms of pathogens?

A

invasion of tissue

production of toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

transient normal flora?

A

from travelexposure to abnormal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

different ways to invade host tissue?

A

capsule
adaptations
extracellular enzymes that degrade host tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

invasiveness

A

ability to invade host tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LD50

A

percent dead vs. dose

measure of virulence

dose to kill half population

ID50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

virulence

A

combination of invasiveness and toxigenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

factors involved in the communicability of a disease?

A

source (both dormant and latent (carriers))

number of agents released by host

capability of surviving the transit (host to host

)percent of host susceptible to agent

ID50 - infected vs. dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ID50

A

infected vs. dose

dose require to infect half population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

communicability

A

transmission of infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted protieins

are heat labile

found mostly in gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
what is found in gram-positive cells?
exotoxins | example --> TSS syndrome exotoxins
27
endotoxins
complex polysaccharides (LPS) that are part of bacterial cell wall-released when cell lysis occurs generally heat stable found in gram negative bacteria
28
toxigenicity
production of toxins
29
pathogenic process?
adhere evade local immunity replicate evade systemic immunity must escape body for transmission to new host
30
what is found in gram-negative cells?
endotoxins
31
intracellular pathogens produce?
chronic disease
32
what are the stages of infection?
incubation (virus or bacteria is replicating) prodrome (non-specific symptoms) specific-illness (have characteristic signs/symptoms) recovery latent infections
33
prodrome period
stage of infection where you have non-specific illnesses
34
viruses
are obligate intracellular parasites may be either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded) surrounded by protein capsid some viruses have envelope -from host cell
35
virus replication
must attach to host cell gets in bunch of shit happens. uncoating releases the viral gneome to be replicated new viral proteins are packaged and released
36
non-enveloped virus entry to cell?
pinocytosis or translocation
37
enveloped virus entry to cell?
fusion b/c the envelope is a phopholipid layer
38
extracellular pathogens produce?
acute disease
39
cytolytic infection
viral infection leading to cell lysis and release of large numbers of visions
40
abortive infections
virus infects a cell that doesn't permit its replication
41
rhinovirus
most common viral infective agent-common cold
42
persistent infections
viral infection that my be productive, latent, or transforming
43
rhinovirus structure
single strand positive sense RNA and capsid no envelope
44
two modes of transmission for rhinovirus?
aerosol of respiratory dropletscontaminated surface
45
viral proteins of rhinovirus?
proteins transcribed as single, long polypeptide and cleaved into structural and nonstructural viral proteins
46
bacterial cell wall
basis for classifaction of bacteria by gram staining
47
gram positive bacteria
thick layer of peptidoglycan on surface also have lipotechoic acids (only gram +) that appear on the cell wall surface
48
bacteria
unicellular prokaryote microorganisms
49
gram-negative bacteria
thin peptidoglycan located between cytoplasmic and second outer membrane (periplasmic space) have lipopolysaccharide in outer membranealso have lipid A
50
peptidoglycan
polymer of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
51
gram-negative staining?
appear red
52
cocci
spherical bacteria
53
bacilli
rod-like bacteria
54
spirochetes
corkscrew bacteria
55
flagella
bacterial structure allowing for motility-composed of flagellins that are also immunogenic
56
monotrichous
single polar flagella
57
lophotrichous
several polar flagella
58
amphitrichous
several flagella at each end
59
peritrichous
flagella cover entire surface
60
pili
bacterial appendage that are sortsex pili and common pili
61
sex pili
involved in conjugation and transfer of genetic information from one cell to another
62
bacteria transmission
many require human to human some can survive in environment
63
endospore
resistant to heat, radiation, drying dormancy for hundreds of years WOWZA
64
common pili
provides means for attachment to host cells and often play an important role in colonization
65
capsules
bacterial structure with high MW polysaccharide
66
capsule
strongly adhered to cell wallgenetically and phenotypically controlled
67
slime layer
loosely associated with bacteria
68
aerobic bacteria
require oxygen
69
anaerobic bacteria
energy from fermentationoxygen can be poisonous to these bacteria
70
clostridium difficile
gram positive, rod-shaped, spore former obligate anaerobe part of normal flora has toxin A - enterotoxin - fluid accumulation in intestine also toxin B - cytopathic agent patient secretes large number of spores PC--> plaques from toxin B buildup can't compete with normal intestinal flora
71
facultative anaerobes
grow under aerobic conditions and can also ferment
72
toxin B in c. dificile?
cytopathic agent plaques from toxin b buildup
73
toxin A in c. dificile?
fluid accumulation - diarrhea
74
fungi
either yeast or mold
75
mold
long filamentous fungi forms a mat (mycelium)
76
thermally dimorphic fungi
change from mold to yeast depending on temperature ambient (room) temperature - mold in host tissues - yeast
77
yeast
single cell fungi (oval or round)
78
fungi metabolism?
most are aerobes some facultative anaerobes **no strict anaerobes requires carbon source
79
candida
yeast at ambient temp and mold in host tissue**exception to most thermally dimorphic fungi
80
cell wall of fungi?
has chitinalso ergosterol and zymosterol
81
ergosterol and zymosterol
in cell membrane of fungi
82
superficial mycoses
dead layers of skin/hair - mostly cosmetic not major harm
83
subQ mycoses
get into deeper layers can often remember trauma single location from environment
84
chitin
in cell wall of fungi
85
cutaueous mycoses
epidermis, hair, nailsnot doing lots of harm
86
systemic or deep mycoses
internal organsimmunocompromised host-not a good prognosisno human-human transmissiondependent on geographic nichemost are sub-clinical
87
candida albicans
part of natural flora fungi both yeast and mold opportunistic in immunocompromised individuals
88
mycoses
fungal infection
89
thrush and vaginitis?
candida albicans superficially
90
candidemia
aka fungemiasystemic fungal infection of candida albicans
91
parasite
one organism harms the other
92
metazoans
multicellular parasite-worms Helminthes (nematodes, platyhelminthes, cestodes, trematodes)
93
arthropods
parasite insects ex/ lice
94
protozoan
single cell parasite with membrane bound nucleus
95
host
organism where parasite obtains nutrients
96
definitive host
where parasite reaches sexual maturity
97
intermediate host
where parasite passes through larval or asexual stages
98
reservoir host
other than the normal host in which parasite is capable of living and serving as a source of infestation get rid of reservoir, get rid of parasite
99
accidental host
other than normal host
100
modes of transmission for parasites?
direct-ingestion, skin penetration, inhalation, person-to-person indirect-vector, transplantation/transfusions
101
single-host parasites
human to human contact oral-fecal T vaginalis and E. histolytica
102
multiple host parasites
require two or more hosts to complete life cycle can be limited to geographical area
103
what causes more disease and misery than any other group of agents?
protozoa according to WHO
104
protozoans
eukaryotic large variation in size true nucleus and cytoplasm
105
vector
carrier that transmits causative agent of disease from infected to non-infected
106
trophozoites
active form of protozoa (fragile)
107
nematodes
round worms tough outer cuticle (what eosinophils break down) have separate organ systems and sexes intestinal tract and blood
108
soil-transmitted helminthiasis
STH ascaris, necator, ancylostoma, trichurisin 5-14 year old age range all cause nutritional impairment leading to cognitive impairment
109
platyheliminthes
tape worms flatted ribbon shaped bodies proglottids - generated by neck
110
proglottids
egg of platyhelminthes that is secreted in fecal matter neck generates the proglottids
111
FMT
fecal matter transplant treats c. dificile non-responsive to standard therapy (vancomycin restoration of normal fecal microbiota
112
cyst
dormant form of protozoa (resilient)

IHL Exam 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions