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Upper extremity- face, ears, throat, abdomen, lumbar/thoracic spine > Pathologies of eyes and anatomy > Flashcards

Pathologies of eyes and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 bones that support/stabilize and protect the eye?

A
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Ethmoid bone
  3. Lacrimal bone
  4. Maxilla
  5. Palatine bone
  6. Zygomatic bone
  7. Sphenoid bone
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2
Q

External anatomy for eyelids/eyelashes

A
  1. protection > skin > protect us from external foreign bodies
  2. moist> blink 5” > H20, oil
  3. exposure> light/heat
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3
Q

pupil is known as

A

the gateway of light

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3
Q

iris is known as

A

controlling the amount of light, controls constriction/dilation

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4
Q

cornea is known as

A

anterior protectionary piece, and the first contact of light

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5
Q

There are two types of photoreceptors

A
  1. cones (sharp, central, color vision)
  2. rods (night black/white, peripheral vision)
    - these create the optic nerve
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6
Q

We have the ability to see due to the ____, which transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses

A

Optic nerve

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7
Q

Anterior cavity

A
  • contains aqueous humor
  • going to extend from the cornea, iris and the lens
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8
Q

Posterior cavity

A
  • contains vitreous humor
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9
Q

Anterior chamber

A

going to extend from the cornea to the iris

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10
Q

Posterior chamber (creates the anterior cavity)

A

going to extend from the iris to the back of the lens

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11
Q

the conjuctiva is

A

thin covering of the eye and eyelids

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12
Q

6 muscles that drive the eye

A
  1. lateral rectus
  2. medial rectus
  3. superior rectus
  4. inferior rectus
  5. inferior oblique
  6. superior oblique
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13
Q

Lateral rectus is

A

move the eye laterally

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14
Q

medial rectus is

A

move eye medially

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15
Q

superior rectus is

A

move eye up

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16
Q

inferior rectus is

A

move eye down

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17
Q

inferior oblique is

A

move eye up & laterally

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18
Q

superior oblique is

A

move eye down & laterally

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19
Q

what are the 3 cranial nerves of the muscular anatomy of the eye?

A
  1. oculomotor
    - medial, superior, inferior rectus & inferior oblique
  2. trochlear
    - superior oblique
  3. abducens
    - lateral rectus
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20
Q

What are the immediate referral when doing inspection of the eye?

A

Photophobia= tolerate light
Diplopia= double vision
Hyphema= blood in anterior chamber
ROM= limite
Abnormal= pupil Rxn

21
Q

Inspection of the Periorbital area and globe

A
  1. Discoloration
    - hematoma (skin surrounding eye swells easily “black eye”
  2. Gross deformity
    - lacerations
    - gross bony deformity (step-off, piano key sign)
  3. eyelids
    - swelling, ecchymosis, laceration, stye
  4. cornea
    - cloudiness= intraocular pressure (immediate referral) hyphema
22
Q

What is 20/20 vision

A

patient’s ability to read at 20ft what normal person could read at 20ft (emmertropia)

23
Q

What is 20/40 vision

A

patient’s ability to read at 40ft what normal could read at 20

24
Q

What is myopia

A

nearsightedness (light rays focused in front of retina)

25
Q

What is hyperopia

A

farsightedness (light rays focused behind retina)

26
Q

Conjunctivitis (infection)

A

Viral or bacterial infection= “pink eye” (viral is most common)
- Pain: mild discomfort, not really pain
- Vision: temporary mild blurring due to discharge
- Discharge: watery (viral), mucoid (bacterial)
- Pupil: not affected
- Cornea: clear

27
Q

Treatment for conjuctivitis

A

-bacterial: antibiotic drops, (typically more pain), warm compress
- viral: warm or cold compress or artificial tears (found in pharmacies), optometrist may prescribe anti-inflammatory drops, antihistamine if viral

28
Q

Stye pathology

A

acute, purulent infection of the oil glands of the eyelid or eyelash follicles due to clogging

29
Q

Stye s/s

A

-redness, tenderness and pain
- irritated or “scratchy”
- common to have small, yellowish pus in the area (staph)

30
Q

Treatment for stye

A

Application of warm compress or washcloth to affected area for 10-15 minutes, 4x/day to assist w/drainage

31
Q

Subconjunctival hematoma etiology

A

trauma, bleeding disorder, high blood pressure, Vasalva maneuver (sneezing, coughing)
- pain: absent
- vision: not affected
- Discharge: absent
- Pupil: not affected
- Cornea: clear

32
Q

Referral criteria for subconjunctival hematoma

A

pain, changes in vision (diplopia), altered pupil

33
Q

Treatment for subconjuctival hematoma

A

artificial tears 4x daily to irrigate

34
Q

Corneal injury or infection

A
  • Abrasion: trauma from sport, removing contacts
  • pain: moderate to severe (7-10 scale)
  • vision: usually decreased
  • Discharge: watery
  • Pupil: not affected
  • Cornea: divot, cloudy (fluorescence swab to detect)
35
Q

Corneal Abrasion typical presentation (s/s)

A
  • photophobia
  • watering
  • foreign body sensation
  • gritty feeling
  • pain
36
Q

Corneal Abrasion management

A
  • ophthalmologist Rx topical antibiotic and analgesic
  • do not wear contacts
    -eye patch PRN
37
Q

Corneal laceration treatment

A
  • cover w/gauze
  • refer
  • copious irrigation
38
Q

Orbital “blowout” fracture

A

s/s: swelling, ecchymosis, diplopia (especially on upward gauze)

39
Q

Orbital socket

A

with blunt trauma, maxillary bone fractures downward most often and orbital content herniate down into underlying maxillary sinus, creating a “blowout” fracture

40
Q

Orbital socket s/s

A

enopthalmia, entrapment of inferior rectus muscle (prohibiting superior rectus from upward rotation)

41
Q

Acute iritis pathology

A

inflammatory reaction in anterior chamber

42
Q

Acute iritis etiology

A

typically blunt trauma, chemical burn, but also idiopathic

43
Q

Acute iritis

A

-pain: moderate deep ache, pressure
- Vision: decreased
- discharge: absent
- Pupil: may be small and irregular, sluggish in reacting (may be photophobic)
- Cornea: clear or slightly cloudy

44
Q

Acute iritis significance

A

may be due to ocular or systemic disorder (rheumatoid arthritis)

45
Q

Acute iritis management

A

typically referral for corticosteroid eyedrops

46
Q

Retinal detachment

A
  • may cause “floaters”
    (vitreous humor dislodges from retina)
  • refer to emergency dept for ophthal consult if patient photopsia: starts to see floaters, flashes of light and dark shadows
47
Q

Hyphema

A
  • accumulation of blood in the anterior part of the eye that may cover the iris and pupil
  • usually result of ruptured iris root vessel
  • ophthalmologist consult (eye shield)
48
Q

Foreign body (benign)

A
  • do not remove!
  • copiously irrigate eye with clean, warm water to remove object and relieve symptoms
  • reassure patient calmly
  • apply loose bandage and cover object if small
    -REFER
49
Q

S/s of optic nerve damage

A

Blurred vision
- failure to code impulses for transmission to brain for interpretation
Abnormal peripheral vision
Interpretation problems
- altered information presented to brain
Decreased constriction (PEARL= oculomotor mostly; optic is afferent supply)
- Photophobia

50
Q

Differential Dx for eyesight loss

A

Damage to one optic nerve
- between eye and chiasm
- optic nerves have not converged, so sight loss in only one eye
Damage at the optic chiasm
- located where two nerves meet, so loss occurs in peripheral vision (pt. can see straight ahead but not to side)
Damage closer to the brain
- between chiasm and brain
- part of visual field will be lost in both eyes

Upper extremity- face, ears, throat, abdomen, lumbar/thoracic spine (4 decks)

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