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Y3B > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Liquidation of fatty myelin tissue by microglia causing them to become foamy. Brain lacks supportive stroma and fibroblasts.

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2
Q

Reactive gliosis

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes in response to injury.

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3
Q

Cerebral oedema

A

Vasogenic
- BBB disruption and vascular permeability causing third spacing which cannot be cleared by lymphatics.

Cytotoxic
- Increased ICF due to cell injury in response to ischaemia or metabolic derangement (central pontine myelinosis).

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4
Q

Non-communicating/obstructive hydrocephalus

A

Mass within the ventricular system disabling fluid to flow through the sub arachnoid space.
- Choroid plexus tumour

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5
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Enlargement of the entire ventricular system

  1. Urinary incontinence
  2. Gait apraxia –> Marche a petit pas –> small stepping gait
  3. Dementia
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6
Q

Cerebral abscess

A

Central liquefactive core with haemorrhage surrounded by vasogenic oedema, reactive gliosis, and granulation tissue.

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7
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • Prion disease
  • Accumulate in neurons and glia
  • Neuron loss –> plaques –> dementia
  • Spongiform change –> small vacuoles within neurons and glia
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob
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8
Q

Acute chemical mediators

A
  • Vasoactive amines (histamines) –> mast cells
  • Arachidonic acids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
  • Cytokines
  • Complement and kinins
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9
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in tissue size due to decrease in cellular proteins due to decreased workload, denervation, hypoperfusion, malnutrition or loss of endocrine signalling.

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10
Q

Keloid scar

A
  • Alternative healing process to granulation tissue
  • Epidermis heals normally
  • Dermis develops bundles of collagen –> permanent raised lesion
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11
Q

Necrosis v apoptosis

A

Necrosis

  • Cell swell
  • Pyknotic, karyorrhectic, karyolitic
  • Disrupted cell membrane –> leakage of cell contents
  • Adjacent inflammation

Apoptosis

  • Cell shrinks
  • Organised nuclear fragmentation
  • Intact cell membrane –> apoptotic bodies
  • Contained inflammation
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12
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Lipid containing residue from lysosomal degradation that occur during aging causing pigmentation of organs.

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13
Q

Anaplasia

A

So pleomorphic, the tissue no longer resembles normal tissue.

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14
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered, pre-malignant growth.

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15
Q

Metaplasia

A

A reversible change from one cell type to another with removal of the stimulus.

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16
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumours containing cells from all three germ layers - mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm

17
Q

True end/terminal artery

A

Only supplied oxygen to a portion of tissue due to the ABSENCE of anastomoses

18
Q

Functional end/terminal artery

A

Arteries with limited blood supply due to INEFFECTIVE anastomoses

19
Q

Cardiac myxoma

A
  • Most common primary cardiac tumour
  • Benign
  • LA attached to the fossa ovalis
  • Polygonal/globular/stellate myxoma cells
  • Myxoid stroma
  • Mononuclear infiltrate
  • Gelatinous mass with haemorrhage and calcification
  • Pedunculated/mobile OR sessile/fixed
  • Pedunculated –> wrecking ball valve –> obstructs or damages valve
20
Q

Papillary fibroelastoma

A
  • Second most common cardiac tumour
  • Benign
  • Arise on the cardiac valves
  • Can embolise
  • Core of myxoid CT covered with endothelium
21
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A
  • Most common cardiac tumour in infancy
  • Benign hamartoma
  • 50% associated with tuberous sclerosis
  • Round, pale, grey mass
  • Hypertrophied myocytes with large vacuoles and spider cells
22
Q

Parkinson gait

A
  • Poor initiation
  • Absent hand swing
  • Shuffling –> small stepping gait
  • Stooped posture
  • Tremor
23
Q

Wide based gait

A
  • Foot drop + Romberg’s sign
  • Sensory ataxia
  • Syphilis - posterior column
  • B12
  • Diabetic
  • Cerebellar disease
24
Q

High stepping gait

A

Foot drop

  • L5 lesion
  • Common peroneal nerve
  • Sciatica
  • Hemiparetic gait (stroke)
  • MND (bilateral)
  • Charcot Marie tooth (bilateral)
25
Q

L5 lesion

A
  • Foot drop
  • Analgesia on the dorsum of the foot
  • Weak inversion and eversion
  • Ankle jerk hyporeflexia
26
Q

Sciatica

A
  • L4-S3
  • Straight leg raise test
  • Pain radiating below the knee
  • Unliteral
  • Awaken in the first half of the night
  • Weak eversion and inversion
  • Foot drop and weak plantarflexion
  • Loss of sensation below the knee
  • Absent ankle jerk
27
Q

Common peroneal nerve palsy

A
  • Foot drop
  • Weak eversion
  • Analgesia to the dorsum of the foot (superficial) and between the big toes (deep) and lateral leg
28
Q

Waddling gait

A
  • Proximal muscle weakness –> proximal myopathy –> weak abductors
  • Superficial gluteal nerve palsy
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • NOF
29
Q

Scissoring gait

A

Paraparesis gait

  • Spinal cord lesion
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Multiple sclerosis
30
Q

Gait apraxia

A

Forget how to walk, feet stuck to ground

  • Frontal lobe lesion
  • Dementia
31
Q

Pyramidal tracts and signs

A

Corticobulbar & corticospinal - motor cortex

  • Spasticity
  • Brisk reflexes
  • Weakness
  • Plantar extension
32
Q

Extra-pyramidal tracts and signs

A

Reticulospinal, Rubrospinal & Vestibulospinal - midbrain and brainstem nuclei

  • Rigidity –> lead pipe & cogwheel
  • Plantar flexes
  • Reflexed and power intact

Y3B (4 decks)

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