Pathology

Question 1

Most common benign chest wall tumour

Answer 1

Lipoma

Question 2

Most common pleural neoplasm

Answer 2

Mets

Question 3

Metastasis of pleura most commonly which subtype

Answer 3

Adenocarcinoma

Question 4

Most common cause of pleural effusion over 50

Answer 4

1- cardiac

2- mets

Question 5

Most common primary adult tumour of anterior mediastinum

Answer 5

Thymoma

Question 6

Most common extragonadal site for GCT

Answer 6

Anterior mediastinum

Question 7

Most common cause of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy

Answer 7

Sarcoidosis

Question 8

Most common posterior mediastinal mass in adults

Answer 8

Peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Question 9

Neuroblastoma most common extraabdominal location

Answer 9

Posterior mediastinum

Question 10

Most common primary pericardial malignancy

Answer 10

Mesothelioma

Question 11

Tracheobronchomalacia associations

Answer 11

Tracheobronchomegaly, COPD, relapsing polychondirtitis

Question 12

Most common cause of emphysema

Answer 12

Smoking

Question 13

Centrilobular emphysema cause

Answer 13

Smoking

Question 14

Panlobular emphysema cause

Answer 14

A antitripsin definciency

Question 15

Whole lung collapse appearance on lateral X-ray

Answer 15

Accentuation of retrosternal space

Question 16

Benign lesion timeline

Answer 16

Less than 1 month more than 18 months

Question 17

Benign lesion HU

Answer 17

Less than 15 post IV

Question 18

Optimal modality for superior sulcus tumour

Answer 18

MRI

Question 19

Major factors for malignancy

Answer 19

Attenuation above 15 HU post IV and interval growth

Question 20

Criteria for respectability of tumour

Answer 20

< 3 cm of contact with the mediastinum
<90 degree contact with the aorta
Visible fat between mass and any vital structure

Question 21

Commonest tumour to cavitate

Answer 21

Squamous

Question 22

Military Mets

Answer 22

Thyroid and Renal

Question 23

LIP associations

Answer 23

Sjogrens
Bone marrow transplant
HIV
Castlemans

Question 24

Causes of eggshell nodal calcification

Answer 24

Sarcoidosis 
Silicosis
Hisoptoplasmosis
Lymphoma
Blastomycosis
Amyloidosis

Question 25

Sarcoidosis diagnosis

Answer 25

Transbronchial biopsy

Question 26

Stages of sarcoidosis

Answer 26

``` 0 normal 1 lymphadenopathy 2 lymphadenopathy and parenchyma opacification 3 only opacification of parenchyma 4 fibrosis ```

Question 27

Sjogren most common lung entity

Answer 27

Nsip

Question 28

Polymo/dermatomyositis most common presentation

Answer 28

Aspiration pneumonia

Question 29

Causes of bilateral upper lobe fibrosis

Answer 29

``` Sarcoidosis Ankylosing spondylitis Tb ABPA Histoplasmosis ```

Question 30

ARDS early manifestations

Answer 30

Dense Consolidation GG consolidation Bronchial dilatation Cysts

Question 31

Most common cancer type in pancoast

Answer 31

Adenocarcinoma

Question 32

Endobronchial Metastasis

Answer 32

Breast, rcc | ,thyroid, rectal

Question 33

Signs of active tb

Answer 33

``` Consolidation Thick wall cavity Pleural effusion Rim enhancing lymph node Centrilobular nodules Clustred nodules Miliary nodules ```

Question 34

Bilateral upper lobe fibrosis

Answer 34

``` A TEA SHOP A: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis T: tuberculosis E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis A: ankylosing spondylitis S: sarcoidosis H: histiocytosis O: occupational (silicosis, berylliosis) P: pneumoconiosis (coal workers ```

Question 35

Cavitary lesions causes

Answer 35

Mnemonic C: cancer lung cancer: most frequently squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cavitary pulmonary metastasis(es): most frequently SCC A: autoimmune; granulomas from granulomatosis with polyangiitis rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid nodules) V: vascular (both bland and septic pulmonary emboli) I: infection (bacterial/fungal) pulmonary abscess pulmonary tuberculosis T: trauma - pneumatoceles Y: youth CPAM (congenital pulmonary airway malformation) pulmonary sequestration bronchogenic cyst

Question 36

Most common cause of SVC obstruction

Answer 36

Small cell lung cancer

Question 37

Pulmonary avm associations

Answer 37

hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) frequently have PAVMs 1; hepatic cirrhosis (as part of the hepatopulmonary syndrome) schistosomiasis mitral stenosis trauma previous cardiac surgery (e.g. Glenn and Fontan procedures for cyanotic congenital heart disease) 7 actinomycosis: thoracic actinomycosis infection Fanconi syndrome metastatic thyroid carcinoma tuberculosis 13,14 (Rasmussen aneurysm)

Question 38

Causes of pulmonary eosinophelia

Answer 38

Drugs antibiotics nitrofurantoin (which may progress to pulmonary fibrosis) penicillin tetracycline toxins eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome from contaminated L-tryptophan toxic oil syndrome See also: drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Infection fungal Aspergillus fumigatus (asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia) parasitic schistosomiasis (50% have pulmonary involvement) ascaris Toxocara canis microfilariasis (tropical eosinophilia) strongyloidiasis - pulmonary strongyloidiasis

Question 39

Rib notching causes

Answer 39

Superior rib notching ``` abnormal osteoblastic activity osteogenesis imperfecta connective tissue diseases rheumatoid arthritis systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Marfan syndrome Sjogren syndrome scleroderma 3 local pressure abnormal osteoclastic activity hyperparathyroidism miscellaneous neurofibromatosis type 1 restrictive lung disease poliomyelitis progeria abnormal muscle pull ``` Inferior rib notching enlarged collateral vessels coarctation of the aorta (Roesler sign) interrupted aortic arch subclavian artery obstruction Takayasu disease Blalock-Taussig shunt: involves only upper two rib spaces arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the chest wall superior vena cava obstruction with enlarged venous collaterals pulmonary AVM tetralogy of Fallot 4 neurogenic tumors schwannoma (usually single) neurofibromatosis type 1 (rarely can be superior if neurofibroma is very large) Superior and inferior rib notching hyperparathyroidism neurofibromatosis type 1