Pathology

Question 1

Predental space widening causes

Answer 1

RA
Downs
NF
Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 2

Modic degenerative changes

Answer 2

Type 1 : low t1 high t2
Type 2: high t1, t2
Type 3: low t1, t2

Question 3

Most common cord adult pathology

Answer 3

Ependymoma

Question 4

Fibromatosis colli

Answer 4

Right sternocleidomastoid muscle most commonly involved

Question 5

Workman bones associations

Answer 5

pyknodysostosis
osteogenesis imperfecta
rickets
Menkes disease (kinky hair kinky vessel syndrome)
cleidocranial dysostosis
hypothyroidism
hypophosphatasia
otopalatodigital syndrome
primary acro-osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney syndrome)
pachydermoperiostosis
progeria
Down syndrome

Question 6

Wormian bones

Answer 6

Lambdoid suture most commonly effected

Question 7

Glomus jugulare blood supply

Answer 7

Ascending pharyngeal

Question 8

Dorsal dermal sinus associations

Answer 8

inclusion cysts: dorsal dermal sinus occurring in a paramedian location is often associated with an intraspinal dermoid or epidermoid, which can cause compression of neural structures with neurologic symptoms.
split cord malformations (diastematomyelia)4
lipomyelocele
filum terminale lipoma
tight filum terminale
intradural lipoma

Question 9

Subfalcine hernia complicaitons

Answer 9

hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the foramen of Monro
anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory infarct due to compression of ACA branches, specifically the pericallosal artery
focal necrosis of the cingulate gyrus due to direct compression against the falx cerebri

Question 10

Medulloblastoma associations

Answer 10

Coffin-Siris syndrome
Cowden syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Gorlin syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Turcot syndrome
L-2-hydoxyglutaric aciduria

Question 11

Medulloblastoma spectroscopy

Answer 11

High choline
Decreased NAA

Question 12

Most sensitive sequence for early SAH

Answer 12

FLAIR

Question 13

Chiari 1 associations

Answer 13

cervical cord syrinx in ~35% (range 20-56%): more common in symptomatic patients
hydrocephalus in up to 30% 2,3 of cases
thought to result from abnormal CSF flow dynamics through the central canal of the cord and around the medulla
skeletal anomalies in ~35% (range 23-45%) 2,3:
platybasia/basilar invagination
atlanto-occipital assimilation
Sprengel deformity
syndromic associations
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Crouzon syndrome
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome

Question 14

Anterior vertebral scalloping

Answer 14

retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, including (but not limited to):
chronic leukemia
lymphoma
tuberculosis
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Down syndrome

Question 15

Sturgeon Weber associations

Answer 15

Paraganglioma
Cortication of aorta

Question 16

Choroid plexus papilloma associations

Answer 16

Aicardi syndrome
VHL

Question 17

Scizencephaly associations

Answer 17

septo-optic dysplasia
grey matter heterotopia
absent septum pellucidum
dysgenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 18

High signal t2 basal ganglia

Answer 18

Lymphoma
Hypoxia
Venous infarction
Hallervorden Spatz
Mitochondrial disease
Methanol
Carbon monixide

Question 19

Low t2 basal ganglia

Answer 19

Hypoxia
Wilsons
Hypotension
Carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 20

Hyper intense basal ganglia t1

Answer 20

NF
Dystrophic calcification
Liver failure
Parentral nutrition

Question 21

Lateral meningocele

Answer 21

Ehler danlos
Nf
Marfans

Question 22

Choroid plexus papilloma
Adult vs peds

Answer 22

Adult infratentorial (4th ventricle)
Peds supra (lateral ventricle)

Question 23

Choiroid plexus papilloma spectro

Answer 23

Decreased NAA
Increased cho

Question 24

Dilated perivascular spaces

Answer 24

autism spectrum disorder
CADASIL
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
hypertensive encephalopathy 12,20
mucopolysaccharidoses, e.g. Hunter disease, Hurler disease
some muscular dystrophies
Parkinson disease
Sener syndrome 17
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
traumatic brain injury

Question 25

Cpa angle mass

Answer 25

Amen Acoustin neuroma (shwannoma) most common Meningioma 10% Ependymoma 5% Neuropithelial (epidermoid, dermoid)

Question 26

Posterior fossa tumours in children

Answer 26

0 to 3 years of age: supratentorial > infratentorial 4 to 10 years of age: infratentorial > supratentorial 10 to early adulthood: infratentorial = supratentorial adults: supratentorial > infratentorial

Question 27

Hemangioblastoma associations

Answer 27

pheochromocytoma multiple RCCs von Hippel Lindau (vHL) disease ~45% of those with vHL develop hemangioblastomas ~20% of those with hemangioblastoma have vHL polycythemia:

Question 28

Posterior vertebral scalloping

Answer 28

SALMON Mnemonic S: spinal cord tumor (e.g. astrocytoma, ependymoma, schwannoma) A: achondroplasia, acromegaly L: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (and other connective tissue disorders) M: Marfan's syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses O: osteogenesis imperfecta N: neurofibromatosis type 1

Question 29

Floating teeth causes

Answer 29

severe periodontal disease (most common cause 1) hyperparathyroidism metastases multiple myeloma ameloblastoma osteomyelitis lymphoma alveolar squamous cell carcinoma nerve-based or primary bone tumors (e.g. Ewing sarcoma) of the mandible or maxilla eosinophilic granuloma 5 cherubism 6 Gorham disease 7

Question 30

Hemangioblastoma associations

Answer 30

pheochromocytoma multiple RCCs von Hippel Lindau (vHL) disease ~45% of those with vHL develop hemangioblastomas ~20% of those with hemangioblastoma have vHL polycythemia: due to secretion of erythropoietin from lesions

Question 31

Chiari 1 associations

Answer 31

cervical cord syrinx in ~35% (range 20-56%): more common in symptomatic patients hydrocephalus in up to 30% 2,3 of cases thought to result from abnormal CSF flow dynamics through the central canal of the cord and around the medulla skeletal anomalies in ~35% (range 23-45%) 2,3: platybasia/basilar invagination atlanto-occipital assimilation Sprengel deformity syndromic associations Klippel-Feil syndrome Crouzon syndrome Hajdu-Cheney syndrome

Question 32

Premature suture closure

Answer 32

endocrine disorders hyperthyroidism hypophosphatemia vitamin D deficiency hypercalcemia hematologic disorders causing bone marrow hyperplasia sickle cell disease thalassemia inadequate brain growth microcephaly shunted hydrocephalus

Question 33

Most common location of ectopic thyroid

Answer 33

Tongue base

Question 34

Abarrent ICA association

Answer 34

Persistent stapedial artery

Question 35

External auditory canal atresia association

Answer 35

Cholesteatoma and ossicular dysplasia

Question 36

Pyriform aperture stenosis associations

Answer 36

alobar and semilobar forms of holoprosencephaly facial hemangiomas clinodactyly pituitary dysfunction central megaincisor (in 75% of cases)

Question 37

Painful proptosis

Answer 37

Orbital pseudotumour Tolosa hunt

Question 38

Most common met to dura

Answer 38

Breast cancer

Question 39

Mc tumour of sella

Answer 39

Pituitary adenoma

Question 40

Most common torch

Answer 40

Cmv