Pathology

Question 1

Nucleolus

Answer 1

Site where rRNA are transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled

Use rRNA is diagnostics to determine bacterial and fungal identification!
LARGER nucleolus means more protein synthesis !!!

Question 2

Ribosomes

Answer 2

Synthesize mRNA (translation)
Can either be free within cytosol (these proteins stay here, nucleus, or mitochondria) or proteins can be attached to ribosome (get secreted, membrane, ER, Golgi, or lysosomes)

Question 3

Rough ER

Answer 3

Processes and sorts proteins that are sectioned for secretion, plasma membrane, ER, golgi, or lysosomes
All this processin is NECESSARY for protein to be functional!
(Folding, polypeptide assembly, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, addition of glycolipid anchors)

Question 4

Smooth ER

Answer 4

Lipid metabolism and membrane lipid synthesis

Major production site of molecules composed of iPods like steroid hormones rom cholesterol

Major role in metabolizing lipid soluble compounds, home of cytochrome p450s in hepatocytes!
Able to inactivate numerous drugs by converting them to water soluble compounds that are then eliminated in urine

Question 5

Acetaminophen Toxicity

Answer 5

Cats do NOT have glucoronyl transferase to break down drugs via GLUCURONIDATION

Alternative routes of detoxifying processes then get overwhelmed (sulfation, depletion of glutathione stores)
THUS increased amount of drug in bloodstream that is metabolized by p450 (in smooth ER of hepatocytes) leads to toxic metabolite NAPQI production and this leads to HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS

Question 6

Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

“Post office”
Receives proteins from ER
Processes and sorts them for transport to final destination, lysosome, plasma membrane, secretion

Question 7

Peri-nuclear clear zone

Answer 7

In plasma cells, can see Golgi apparatus because of this zone (antibody secretion)

Question 8

Mott Cells

Answer 8

PLASMA CELLS that are “constipated” and can’t secrete antibody
Dilated ER cistern are full of antibody==Russel bodies

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

Waste and recycling
Membrane bound
Has many enzymes
Degrades material from endocytosis !!!!
Engulfed material from outside the cell by pinching of the plasma membrane——form vesicle
Vesicle merges with endoscope and transport material to golgi for recyclingg and lysosomal functions to degrade the rest

Question 10

Mycobacteria

Answer 10

Normally, phagocytosis allows phagosome to fuse with lysosome to form phagolysosome

BUT, mycobacteria prevent this step !! So they persist and digestion of the microbe cannot occur by enzymes

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Power plant
Generate ATP via citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

1. Intermediate filaments, IF proteins
2. Microtubuls, tubulin protein
3. Microfilaments, actin protein

Question 13

What can undergo passive diffusion?

Answer 13

Gases, hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules

Question 14

Groups of CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

Answer 14

1. Selections
2. Integrins
3. IgSF
4. Cadherins

Question 15

Pemphigus

Answer 15

Cell-adhesion proteins in disease
Immune mediated destruction of desmoglein 1 and 3 (Catherine proteins)

Question 16

Secreted signaling molecules

Answer 16

1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Synaptic/neural
4. Endocrine

Question 17

Pattern-recognition receptors (membrane proteins)

Answer 17

toll-like receptors
NLRs nucleotide-binding
CLRs C-type lectin
RLRs RIG1

Question 18

Etiology

Answer 18

The CAUSE(s)
Can be intrinsic or extrinsic

Intrinsic: genetic mutations (primary) or secondary (age, gender, coat color,etc)
Extrinsic: weather, trauma, toxins, bacteria, viruses, etc

Question 19

Pathogenesis

Answer 19

how the disease DEVELOPS

Etiology….sequence of events….lesion

Question 20

Lesions

Answer 20

Structural/morphological alterations in cells or tissues
Macro or microscopic
Visual representations of tissue injury and response

Question 21

Lesions secondary to euthanasia

Answer 21

1. Barbiurate salts
2. Splenomegaly
3. Cranial hemorrhage (captive bolt)

Question 22

Common post-Mortem changes

Answer 22

Gas-dissensions (emphysema, prolapses, gastric rupture), Staining (bile imbibition, Melanosis), rigidity, live Mortis (blood pooling)

Question 23

Clinical SIGNS vs SYMPTOMS

Answer 23

Signs: manifestation of disease that physician perceives, OBJECTIVE and mostly can be measured

Symptoms: apparent to the patient/owner, can be misleading, vague, and SUBJECTIVE “anxiety, fatigue, nausea”

Question 24

Diagnosis

Answer 24

Interpretation of the nature of disease taking into context the lesions and clinical signs

Question 25

Morphologic diagnosis

Answer 25

Descriptive and focused on one lesions or a set of related lesions Specific etiology usually not provided Heavy on medical terminology Organ: Modifiers, lesion, with (additional features )

Question 26

Writing morphologic diag

Answer 26

Severity (marked/severe, moderate, mild) Duration (peracute, acute, subacute, chronic) Distribution (focal, multi focal, coalescing, diffuse) Lesion (edema, congestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia, etc) Additional (fibrosis, dysplasia, edema, etc )

Question 27

Etiologic diagnosis

Answer 27

Less specific than morphologic Focused on cause/etiology of lesion Ex: parvoviral enteritis Corona viral vasculitis