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Pathology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what glands produce earwax

A

ceruminous

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2
Q

boundaries of middle ear

A

tympanic membrane to the oval window

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3
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

in the cochlea (in the inner ear)

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4
Q

in the inner ear, what detects sounds and produces nerve impulses

A

organ of corti

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5
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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6
Q

what are the 3 major types of salivary gland

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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7
Q

what is otitis media

A

inflammation of middle ear

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8
Q

who gets otitis media

A

mostly children

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9
Q

is otitis media more commonly viral or bacterial

A

viral

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10
Q

if otitis media is bacterial - what bacteria?

A
  • strep pneumoniae
  • H influenzae
  • Moxarella catarrhalis

if chronic:
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- staph aureus
-(fungal)

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11
Q

is cholesteatoma more commonly acquired or congenital

A

acquired

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12
Q

acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis

A

chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

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13
Q

congenital cholesteatoma pathogenesis

A

proliferation of embryonic rest

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14
Q

cholesteatoma macroscopy

A

pearly white mass in middle ear

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15
Q

seen on microscopy - squamous epithelium with abundant keratin production. what could it be?

A

cholesteatoma

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16
Q

pathogenesis of ear tumours

A

related to chronic inflammation or radiation

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17
Q

what is vestibular schwannoma also known as

A

acoustic neuroma

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18
Q

which bone do vestibular schwannomas occur within

A

temporal

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19
Q

if a young person has bilateral vestibular schwannoma, what should be considered

A

neurofibromatosis type 2 (autosomal dominant condition)

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20
Q

sinusitis is most commonly preceded by rhinitis, true or false

A

true

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21
Q

Are nasal polyps common in children

A

no

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22
Q

nasal polyps aetiologies

A
  • allergy
  • infection
  • aspirin sensitivity
  • nickel exposure
    (because these cause chronic inflammation)
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23
Q

what should be considered in a child (especially under 5) with nasal polyps

A

cystic fibrosis

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24
Q

which is associated with GPA: MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA

A

PR3-ANCA

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25
nasal benign tumours
- squamous cell papillomas - sinonasal papillomas - angiofibromas
26
which is the most common type of head and neck cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
27
which cancer has dumbbell appearance on histology
neuroblastoma
28
sinonasal papillomas categories based on histology
inverted exophytic oncocytic
29
who typically gets sinonasal papillomas
over 50s male
30
sinonasal papilloma most common symptom
blocked nose
31
can sinonasal papilloma undergo malignant change
yes (10%). most likely to be SSC
32
nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence
low in UK high in far east and parts of africa
33
which virus does nasopharyngeal carcinoma have a strong association with
Epstein Barr virus
34
name a highly malignant nasal tumour
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
35
what can larygeal polyps be secondary to
- vocal abuse (singers) - infection - smoking - rarely associated with hypothyroidism
36
who are laryngeal polyps usually seen in
young women
37
which has significant inflammatory component on microscopy, nasal or laryngeal polyps
nasal
38
where would you be most likely to get a contact ulcer and why
posterior vocal cord because that is where the tissue is thinnest
39
what are the two incidence peaks in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis?
<5 years 20-40 years
40
which types of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis are related to HPV exposure?
types 6 and 11
41
papillomatosis microscopy
finger-like projections fibrovascular core covered by stratified squamous epithelium
42
what is paraganglioma
tumour of chromaffin cells (type of cell that make neurohormones)
43
what are paragangliomas that form in the adrenal glands called
phaeochromocytoma
44
what do sympathetic paragangliomas secrete
catecholamines
45
which type of paraganglioma tend to be found paravertebral
sympathetic
46
where do sympathetic paragangliomas tend to be located
in the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
47
are parasympathetic paragangliomas usually functional or non-functional
non-functional
48
where are parasympathetic paragangliomas usually located
along the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the neck and at the base of the skull
49
what rare genetic disorder can paragangliomas occur as part of
multiple endocrine neoplasia 2
50
main risk factors for SSC
- smoking - alcohol
51
what virus can squamous cell carcinoma be related to
HPV
52
which type of HPV accounts for 90% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases
type 16
53
what is sialolithiasis
salivary gland stones
54
what virus causes mumps
paramyxovirus
55
what is the most common salivary tumour
pleomorphic adenoma
56
typical pleomorphic adenoma patient
female age 20-50, long history, in parotid
57
pleomorphic adenoma macroscopy
well circumscribed, light tan to grey
58
on microscopy, what tumour would you see "highly variable epithelial and myoepithelial cells in chondromyxoid stroma"
pleomorphic adenoma
59
what is a pleomorphic adenoma
benign salivary gland tumors, which predominantly affect the superficial lobe of the parotid gland.
60
pleomorphic adenoma treatment
surgically removed, because a pleomorphic adenoma can degenerate into a carcinoma (taking the name of Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma).
61
what is the second most common benign salivary gland tumour
Warthin's tumour
62
main cause of Warthin's tumour
smoking
63
Warthin's tumour typical patient
male over 50, smoker
64
on microscopy, which tumour would show "bilayered oncocytic epithelium with lymphoid stroma"
Warthin's tumour
65
which is the most common malignant salivary gland tumour: a) in the world b) in the UK
a) mucoepidermoid carcinoma b) adenoid cystic carcinoma
66
which salivary gland do the majority of mucoepidermoid carcinomas occur in
parotid
67
which salivary gland tumour is associated with MECT1-MAML2 fusion
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
68
typical age of someone with an adenoid cyst carcinoma
over 40
69
perineural invasion of adenoid cyst carcinoma symptoms
pain or loss of function
70
on microscopy, which salivary gland tumour would show "small, uniform cells with little cytoplasm in solid, tubular or cribiform pattern"
adenoid cystic carcinoma
71
what structures are at risk in a parotidectomy
- facial nerve - retromandibular vein - external carotid artery

ENT (5 decks)

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