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CCMA > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Cellulitis is caused by?

A

Staph and Strep bacteria enters through openings in skin,

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2
Q

Cellulitis is an infection where? And where does it often affect?

A

Infection in the Connective Tissue
Often affects the lower legs

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3
Q

Symptoms of Cellulitis

A

Red, Swollen, Warm to the Touch, Tender

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4
Q

How do you get diagnosed with Cellulitis

A

Physical Exam, and a Wound Culture

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5
Q

Treatment for Cellulitis

A

ANTIBIOTICS , and may have to cut away dead tissue

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6
Q

Dermatitis is caused by?

A

Caused by an allergic reaction to a specific allergen

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7
Q

Symptoms of Dermatitis

A

Localized red, itchy rash, and inflammation of the skin

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8
Q

How do you get diagnosed with Dermatitis

A

Physical exam

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9
Q

Treatment for Dermatitis

A

Steroid creams, Antihistamines, and moisturizers

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10
Q

1 Rule for dermatitis

A

DO NOT ITCH, could lead to infection

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11
Q

Why type of Skin disease is eczema?

A

Inflammatory Skin disease

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12
Q

Eczema is caused by?

A

Hereditary
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS “Flare Ups”

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13
Q

Dx for Eczems

A

Physical Exam

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14
Q

Tx for Eczema

A

Steroid Cream, Non-scented Moisturizers, Antihistamines

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15
Q

1 Rule for eczema

A

NO ITCH —-> INFECTION

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16
Q

Basal Cell Skin Cancer caused by?

A

UV-B Exposure from sun or tanning beds

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17
Q

Basal Cell Skin Cancer Characterisics

A

Slow growing, Usually is not malignant, not typically life threatening

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18
Q

Basal Cell Skin Cancer Symptoms

A

Growing moles that are a waxy bump, or skin lesion that doesn’t heal —> Grows over time

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19
Q

Dx for Basal Cell Skin Cancer

A

Physical Examination, BIOPSY

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20
Q

Tx for Basal Cell Skin Cancer

A

EARLY DIAGNOSES & TREATMENT IS VITAL
Liquid nitrogen freeze, surgical excision

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21
Q

Melanoma Skin Cancer caused by?

A

UV-B Ray exposure , sun or tanning beds

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22
Q

Melanoma Characteristics

A

Most Severe, deadly type of skin cancer
Malignant, grows quickly and spreads to other organs

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23
Q

Melanoma quick check is called? And description for each?

A

ABC’S
A- Asymmetrical, two sides don’t match
B- Border, raised, uneven
C- Color, Weird colored, more than 1 color
S- Size, bigger than 1/4 “

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24
Q

Dx for Melanoma

A

BIOPSY, physical exam
EARLY DIAGNOSES IS VITAL

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25
Q

Tx for Melanoma

A

Surgery
RADIATION

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26
Q

A sprain is caused by

A

LIGAMENT Damage
From a joint being pushed outside its normal ROM

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27
Q

Symptoms of a Sprain

A

Swelling, Bruising, Pain

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28
Q

Tx Sprain

A

R- Rest
I- Ice
C- Compress
E- Elevate

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29
Q

Dx Sprain

A

Physical Exam, Imagine (rules out fracture)

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30
Q

Strain is caused by? Referred to as?

A

Tendon / Muscle damage,
Referred to as a “pulled muscle”

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31
Q

Symptoms of a Strain?

A

Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Lower ROM, Weakness

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32
Q

Tx Strain

A

R
I
C
E

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33
Q

Anemia caused by? Affects what over what? Common cause? Other Causes?

A

Deficient erythrocytes within blood
Affects women > Men
Blood Loss
Hemolysis, dysfunction in creation of hgb

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34
Q

Anemia Symptoms

A

Fatigue, Paleness, dizziness, SOB, CP, Irregular HR, Colder extremities

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35
Q

Dx Anemia

A

CBC

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36
Q

Tx Anemia

A

TREAT ROOT CAUSE
Blood Loss —> Blood Transfusion
Iron-Deficiency —> Iron Supplements

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37
Q

What is Atherosclerosis, and what is it caused by?

A

Abnormal hardening of the arteries
From Plaque build up / Hyperlipidemia
HTN, Smoking, DM

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38
Q

Atherosclerosis symptoms

A

CP, TIA, CAD, PAD, Changes on PT EKG

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39
Q

Dx Atherosclerosis

A

Lipid Panels, Doppler u/s (blood flow)
EKG / Stress Test
Angiogram

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40
Q

Tx Atherosclerosis

A

Statins (AntiLipids)
Anti- Hypertensives,
Balloon Angioplasty & Stent
CABG
Heart healthy diet

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41
Q

What is CHF, and what is it caused by?

A

CHF is lower ability for heart to pump effectively

Caused by CAD, HTN, Valvular disease

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42
Q

Symptoms of CHF

A

FATIGUE
EDEMA (Pulmonary)
SOB
Rapid, overnight weight gain

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43
Q

Dx CHF

A

ECHOCARDIOGRAM,
BNP LEVELS (Blood Test)
X-Ray, EKG, Asses for Emma / weight gain

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44
Q

Tx CHF

A

Diuretics —> Lasix (furosemide)
Other cardiac meds that lower workload
(Beta Blockers, HTN Meds)
O2

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45
Q

What is Hemophilia, and what is it caused by?
What does it cause?

A

Hemophilia is the absence of clotting factors, a genetic defect

Increases risk for bleeding, so put pt on bleeding precautions

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46
Q

Sx Hemophilia

A

Excessive Bleeding
Mystery Bruises -> bruising easily

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47
Q

Dx Hemophilia

A

PT, PTT, CBC

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48
Q

Tx Hemophilia

A

IV Infusion of PLASMA or other clotting factors

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49
Q

What is HTN (Hypertension) , and what are risk factors

A

Increased BP , extremely common

Obesity, Smoking, Family Hx, Increase Age, Poor Diet, WHITE-COAT SYNDROME

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50
Q

Sx HTN

A

Headaches, CP, Vision Changes

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51
Q

Dx HTN

A

Increase BP, Home BP Log (incase of white coat)

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52
Q

Tx HTN

A

Exercise, Healthy Diet, Cessation of smoking, ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
Statins, Diuretics

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53
Q

What is an MI

A

Damage to the myocardium, d/t inadequate blood flow

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54
Q

Difference between Ischemia and infarction

A

Ischemia = Injury to myocardium and damage CAN BE REVERSED
Infarction = Death to myocardium and damage CANT BE REVERSED

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55
Q

Sx MI

A

PROFUSE SWEATING, SOB, CP
Jaw Pain, Left Arm Pain, Dizziness, Nausea

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56
Q

Dx MI

A

EKG / Stress Test
Troponin levels (blood test)

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57
Q

Tx MI

A

NITROGLYCERIN, BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY, THROMBOLYTIC MEDICATION (tPA), and DAILY BABY ASA

Aspirin of 81mg, prevents future thrombus

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58
Q

What is Acute Renal Failure (ARF),

A

SUDDEN onset of kidney dysfunction,

kidneys can’t filter blood effectively and it causes dangerous levels of toxic waste build-up

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59
Q

Sx ARF

A

Low Urine Output, Oliguria, Fluid Retention, Nausea

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60
Q

Dx ARF

A

Increase BUN and Cr Levels

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61
Q

Tx ARF

A

Early- treat underlying cause
Long- Hemodialysis

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62
Q

What is Chronic Renal Failure also known as?

A

CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease

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63
Q

What is Chronic Renal Failure

A

SLOWER ONSET of kidney dysfunction / failure

It is PROGRESSIVE, kidney function declines over time

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64
Q

Cure for Chronic Renal Failure?

A

NO CURE

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65
Q

How many stages of Chronic Renal Failure

A

1-5

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66
Q

Sx for Chronic Renal Failure

A

Early Stage- No Symptoms

Later Stages- HTN, Oliguria, very ill

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67
Q

Dx for Chronic Renal Failure

A

Increase BUN & CR levels (blood tests)

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68
Q

Tx for Chronic Renal Failure?

A

GOAL = SLOW PROGRESSION by controlling BP

End Stages= DIALYSIS OR TRANSPLANT

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69
Q

Renal Calculi is also known as what

A

Kidney Stones

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70
Q

What is Renal Calculi

A

Hard Crystal deposits form in the urine,

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71
Q

Sx Renal Calculi

A

SEVERE FLANK PAIN
Dark Urine
Oliguria
Nausea

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72
Q

Dx Renal Calculi

A

Urinalysis
Ultrasound / CT
Blood Test —> Uris Acid/ inc. Ca+

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73
Q

Tx Renal Calculi

A

Inc. fluid intake, encourages urination
Pain Relievers
Lithotripsy shock-wave surgery (break up)

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74
Q

What is Urinary incontinence

A

SEVERITY RANGES
Leakage of Urine —> loss of bladder control

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75
Q

What is the highest severity of Urinary Incontinence caused by

A

Neurological Damage, or cognitive dysfunction

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76
Q

Dx Urinary Incontinence

A

Urinalysis (rule out UTI)
H&P
Measure urine output

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77
Q

Tx Urinary incontinence

A

DEPENDS ON ROOT CAUSE
Pelvic Floor Therapy
UTI = Treat UTI
Surgery / Medications to help with neurological
SOMETIMES NO CURE

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78
Q

What is a UTI

A

Infection in the urinary tract, commonly caused from E.Coli

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79
Q

Sx UTI

A

URGE TO URINATE
Cloudy, Foul
Pelvic/Flank Pain

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80
Q

Dx UTI

A

Urinalysis
Culture and Sensitivity

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81
Q

Tx UTI

A

Antibiotics

82
Q

Preventions of UTI

A

Females —> Wipe front to back
Avoid holding urine
Drink plenty of fluids
Pee right after intercourse
Chronic UTI managements- PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS

83
Q

Cause of Appendicitis

A

Blockage in opening of Appendix
Rapidly multiplying Bacteria
Results in inflammation of appendix

84
Q

Sx Appendicitis

A

Pain RLQ, Loss Appetite, abdominal swelling

85
Q

Dx Appendicitis

A

Pt Hx, Blood & Urine Tests, Imaging

86
Q

Tx Appendicitis

A

Surgical Removal —> Appendectomy

87
Q

Celiac Disease Caused by

A

Immune response triggered by gluten, damaging the small intestine

88
Q

Sx Celiac Disease

A

Anemia, Bloating, weight loss, fatigue

89
Q

Dx Celiac Disease

A

Physical Exam, Medical Hx, Blood Test

90
Q

Tx Celiac Disease

A

Avoid Gluten

91
Q

What is Colorectal Cancer, caused by?

A

Cancer of the colon
High Fat Diet, Family Hx
Inflammatory Bowel Disease

92
Q

Sx Colorectal Cancer

A

Early Stage- No Symptoms
Late Stage- Irregular bowel movements, blood in feces, fatigue

93
Q

Dx Colorectal Cancer

A

Colonoscopy, barium enema

94
Q

Tx Colorectal Cancer

A

Early Stage- Surgery Removal
Late- ChemotherapyD

95
Q

What is Diverticulosis, and caused from?

A

Diverticulosis are pouch like herniations pushing on weak points inside the colon.

96
Q

Sx Diverticulosis

A

Asymptomatic, unless inflamed

Inflamed = pain in LLQ, Fever, Chills, Nausea

97
Q

Dx Diverticulosis

A

Typically through colonoscopy

98
Q

Tx Diverticulosis

A

When inflamed, antibiotics can reduce flare up

99
Q

GERD is caused by~

A

Lower Esophageal sphincter muscle dysfunction, allowing acid to come up from the stomach into throat

100
Q

Sx GERD

A

Heartburn, difficulty swallowing

101
Q

Dx GERD

A

Upper Endoscopy, Tests to measure acid in esophagus

102
Q

Tx GERD

A

Lifestyle / Dietary changes, antacids, or surgery if severe

103
Q

ARD is caused by?

A

Fluid builds up in alveoli which blocks oxygen exchange, so poor oxygen in blood stream

104
Q

Sx ARDS

A

SOB, Low BP, Tachypnea

105
Q

Dx ARDS

A

Chest X-Ray, Arterial blood gas analysis

106
Q

Tx ARDS

A

Oxygen Therapy, mechanical ventilation, & antibiotics

107
Q

Asthma caused by?

A

Airway inflammation, reducing air intake & out-take

108
Q

Sx Asthma

A

WHEEZING, SOB, Chest tightness

109
Q

Dx Asthma

A

Medical Hx, Pulmonary function test

110
Q

Tx Asthma

A

Medications orally & inhaled

111
Q

How are the 2 different kinds of bronchitis caused from?

A

Acute- Viral Illness, colds & flu
Chronic- Smoking

112
Q

Sx Bronchitis

A

SOB, Fever, chills, mucous production

113
Q

Dx Bronchitis

A

Auscultation, pulmonary function test, chest X-Ray

114
Q

Tx Bronchitis (2 ways)

A

Acute- Resolves w/o intervention
Chronic- Respiratory Therapy

115
Q

COPD stands for

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

116
Q

What is COPD, and how is it caused?

A

Airflow intake and out-take is blocked, caused by smoking

117
Q

Sx COPD

A

Chest Tightness, Wheezing, SOB W/ Activity

118
Q

Dx COPD

A

Pt Hx, Pulmonary function test, CT Scan, X-Ray

119
Q

Tx COPD

A

Smoking Cessation, Medication, O2 Therapy

120
Q

Rhinitis is?

A

Irritation & inflammation of mucous membranes in the nose

Allergic Rhinitis is caused from allergens

121
Q

Sx Rhinitis

A

Sneezing, coughing, Runny nose, pressure in ears

122
Q

Dx Rhinitis

A

Physical Exam, allergists can help determine allergen

123
Q

Tx Rhinitis

A

Anti-Histamines if allergic
Or Corticosteroids

124
Q

Alzheimer’s is?

A

Progressive Dementia, destruction of memory brain cells

125
Q

Sx Alzheimers

A

Memory Loss, Low ADL, Impaired Judgement

126
Q

Dx Alzheimers

A

Med Hx, Physical Exam, Lab Tests

127
Q

Tx Alzheimer’s

A

No treatment, but focus care by symptom management

128
Q

Cerebral Concussion caused by?

A

Traumatic brain injury

129
Q

Sx Cerebral concussion

A

Lowered Vision, Dizziness, Sensitive Light/Noise, Lower concentration

130
Q

Dx Cerebral Concussion

A

Physical & Neurological exam

131
Q

Tx Cerebral Concussion

A

Observation & Rest
7-10 days

132
Q

Sciatica is caused by?

A

Compression of a sciatic never, from a herniated disc, bone spur, or tumor

133
Q

Sx Sciatica

A

Lumbar Pain, buttocks, back of leg,

134
Q

Dx Sciatica

A

Imaging, medical testing of muscle strength & reflexes

135
Q

Tx Sciatica

A

Muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, PT

136
Q

Cerebrovascular Stroke (CVAI Stroke) , is caused by?

A

A decrease of blood supply to brain
Or rupture of a blood vessel in brain

137
Q

Sx CVAI Stroke

A

FAST ONSET
Face droop, can’t lift a arm as high, lower speech, WATCH TIME

138
Q

Dx CVAI Stroke

A

Neurological examination, CT/MRI, Doppler ultrasound

139
Q

Tx CVAI Stroke

A

Restoring blood to brain, reducing pressure on brain,
Longer term treatment = Rehabilitation

KNOW (TPA) destroys blockages in vessels

140
Q

Shingles is caused by?

A

Caused by Varicella virus, virus can be dominant & reappear

141
Q

Sx Shingles

A

Blisters & Pain follow path of affected nerves

142
Q

Dx Shingles

A

Hx, location of pain, pattern of rash

143
Q

Tx Shingles

A

Antiviral medications, pain relievers

144
Q

Cushing Syndrome caused by?

A

Overuse of corticosteroids

145
Q

Sx Cushing Syndrome

A

Moon Face (Puffy Face), excessive fat deposits

146
Q

Dx Cushing Syndrome

A

Increased BP, Muscle mass

147
Q

Tx Cushing Syndrome

A

Medications to lower levels of glucocorticoids

148
Q

T1 Diabetes (SAY EVERYTHING)

A

Etiology:
Genetically bad pancreas,
Low Insulin Production,

Sx:
Excessive Thirst, Urination, hunger
Weight Loss

Dx:
Blood tests, check for glucose metabolism

Tx:
Insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose levels

149
Q

T2 Diabetes (SAY EVERYTHING)

A

Etiology:
Insulin Resistance, from lifestyle & obesity

Sx:
Excessive thirst, urination, hunger,
Weight loss

Dx:
Blood Tests, testing for glucose metabolism

Tx:
Insulin, medications (METFORMIN), healthy lifestyle

150
Q

Hyperthyroidism caused by?

A

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

151
Q

Sx Hyperthyroidism

A

Weight Loss, Increase HR, Appetite, and production of thyroid hormones

152
Q

Dx Hyperthyroidism

A

Physical Exam, Blood Tests, Thyroid Scans, Radioactive iodine reputake

153
Q

Tx Hyperthyroidism

A

Anti-Thyroid, oral radioactive iodine

154
Q

WHAT HORMONES WE TESTING FOR IN HYPER/HYPO THYROIDISM

A

TSH, T3, T4, Thyroxine

155
Q

WHAT STATE OF METABOLISM FOR HYPER/HYPO THYROIDISM

A

Hyper: Increased Metabolism
Hypo: Decreased Metabolism

156
Q

Hypothyroidism Caused by

A

Decreased sufficiency of producing thyroid hormone

157
Q

Sx Hypothyroidism

A

Tired, Dry Skin, Constipation &weight gain

158
Q

Dx Hypothyroidism

A

Blood tests measuring TSH & Thyroxine

159
Q

Tx Hypothyroidism

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone
(Synthroid / Levothyroxine)

160
Q

Graves Disease caused by?

A

Malfunction in body immune that disrupts normal thyroid regulation

161
Q

Sx Graves Disease

A

Enlarged thyroid, increased HR, Decreased muscle, and BULGING EYES

162
Q

Dx Graves Disease

A

By symptoms, thyroid hormone tests

163
Q

Tx Graves Disease

A

Radioactive iodine therapy, anti-thyroid, beta-blockers, and surgery

164
Q

Candidiasis is also known as what?

A

Yeast Infection

165
Q

Is Gaves Hyper/Hypo thyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

166
Q

What is Candidiasis caused by?

A

Overgrowth of fungal
“Candida Albicans”

167
Q

Sx Candidiasis

A

Vaginal Itching, White Discharge, and burning during urination

168
Q

Dx Candidiasis

A

Test vaginal discharge

169
Q

Tx Candidiasis

A

OTC or Prescription meds

170
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy is caused from?

A

Zygote implanted in places other than uterine wall,

Common in fallopian tubes

171
Q

Sx Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Abdominal/Pelvic pain w/ bleeding
Emergent conditions = severe pain w/ bleeding

172
Q

Dx Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Physical Exam, blood tests, and ultrasound

173
Q

Tx Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Termination of Pregnancy

174
Q

What is endometriosis caused from?

A

Pieces of endometrial tissue grows outside of uterine lining

175
Q

Sx Endometriosis

A

Pain W/. Intercourse, bowel movements, urination,

Infertility, & menustration

176
Q

Dx Endometriosis

A

Pelvic examination, ultrasound, and laparoscopy

177
Q

Tx Endometriosis

A

Pain Meds, Hormone Therapy, or laparoscopic surgery

178
Q

What are genital herpes caused from?

A

Caused by herpes simplex virus spread through sexual contact

179
Q

Sx Genital Herpes

A

Pain, Itching, and sores in genital area,

Flu-Like symptoms

180
Q

Dx Genital Herpes

A

Visual exam of sores, testing sample from the sores

181
Q

Tx Genital Herpes

A

Incurable, but antivirals can prevent / shorten outbreaks

182
Q

Inguinal Hernia is caused from?

A

Portion of intestines protrudes through weak spot of abdominal wall

183
Q

Sx Inguinal Hernia

A

BULGING IN THE GROIN AREA, pressure in ground, pain w/ lifting

184
Q

Dx Inguinal Hernia

A

Physical Examination

185
Q

Tx Inguinal Hernia

A

No Symptoms = no indicated treatment
Present Symptoms = surgery to repair

186
Q

Cryptorchidism is caused from?

A

Structural Abnormalities

187
Q

Sx Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicles, fail to drop into scrotum

188
Q

Dx Cryptorchidism

A

Felt when conducting a physical exam

189
Q

Tx Cryptorchidism

A

Surgery after six months of age

190
Q

Testicular Torsion is caused from?

A

Some unknown,

some born with no tissue holding testes into scrotum

191
Q

Sx Testicular Torsion

A

When tissues surrounding testicle are not attached, testes twist around spermatic cord cutting off blood

192
Q

Dx Testicular Torsion

A

Physical Exam

193
Q

Tx Testicular Torsion

A

Spermatic cord needs to be untwisted with surgery / urologist

194
Q

What is BPH?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

195
Q

What is BPH caused from?

A

Unknown, linked to hormonal changes

196
Q

Sx BPH

A

ENLARGED PROSTATE,
Problems in urinary function and kidneys

197
Q

Dx BPH

A

Rectal examination, urine test, prostate specific antigen test

198
Q

Tx BPH

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate (Taking out pieces of prostate)

199
Q

Yes, there is a lot, but you got it :)

A

Just keep pushing, and FIND similarities

200
Q

Chunk study

A

You GOT this

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