Pathology

Question 1

What are the principal targets of cell injury

Answer 1

Cell membrane
Dna
Protein synthesis
Mitochondria

Question 2

What is a disease

Answer 2

When the structure (anatomy) or function (pathology) goes wrong

Question 3

What Are the things that a successful cell needs

Answer 3

Energy
Quality control system
Compartmentalisation
Repair process
Control mechanisms

Question 4

Potential abnormal stimuli for increase cell size and number

Answer 4

Pesisting tissue injury
Increased functional demand
Increased Metabolic demand
Xs endocrine stimulation

Question 5

Potential abnormal stimuli for decrease in cell size and number

Answer 5

Poor blood supply
Ageing
Denervation
Decreased functional demand
Lack of endocrine stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
Disuse

Question 6

What are the common features of necrosis

Answer 6

Nuclear changes and cytoplasmic eosinophilia

Question 7

What are the 3 stages of nuclear change

Answer 7

Pyknosis (shrinkage)
Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
Karyolysis (dissolution)

Question 8

What are the 5 signs of inflammation

Answer 8

Warmth
Redness
Pain
Swelling
Loss of function

Question 9

What is the mechanism for apoptosis

Answer 9

Intrinsic and extrinsic initiator —> initiator caspase causing caspase cascade —> ednonucleases and cytoskeleton breakdown—> phagocytosis

Question 10

What are the 5 advantages of oedema and vasodilation

Answer 10

Improve supply of oxygen and nutrients
Dilution of toxins
Deliver antigens by draining lymph nodes
Migration of leukocytes
Brings vital plasma proteins

Question 11

What are the e steps in leukocyte recruitment

Answer 11

Adhesion
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

Question 12

What is the source of prostaglandins

Answer 12

Mast cells

Question 13

What is the source of nitric oxide

Answer 13

Macrophages
Endothelium

Question 14

What is the source of leukotriene b4

Answer 14

Leukocytes

Question 15

What is the source of oxygen metabolites

Answer 15

Leukocytes

Question 16

What is the source of PAF

Answer 16

Leukocytes
Mast cells

Question 17

Chemokines source

Answer 17

Leukocytes
Macrophages
Endothelium

Question 18

Wht are the 5 types of growth factors for would healing

Answer 18

Platelet derived
Epidermal
Transforming ß
Fibroblasts
Vascular endothelial

Question 19

Wht are the 4 ways cancer cells can evade immune system

Answer 19

Manipulation of immunogenicity

Promotion of immunomodulatory cell types

Production of immunosuppressive mediators

Deregulation of immune checkpoints