Pathology Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Enzymatic necrosis comes from?
A
Pancreas
2
Q
Zenker’s (waxy) necrosis
A
Hyaline. Most common in skeletal muscle. Muscle replaced with hyaline
3
Q
Karyolysis
A
Nuclear rupture
4
Q
Karyorrhexis
A
Nuclear Swelling
5
Q
Pyknosis
A
Nuclear condensation
6
Q
Agenesis
A
Absence of an organ (usually paired organ)
7
Q
Type 1 collagen
A
Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments
8
Q
Type 2 collagen
A
Disc (nucleus pulposis)
9
Q
Type 3 collagen
A
Reticular collagen (found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also seen in early wound healing)
10
Q
Type 4 collagen
A
Basement membrane
11
Q
Siderosis
A
Iron Dust
12
Q
Byssinosis
A
Cotton dust (brown lung)
13
Q
Anthracosis
A
Black lung disease from miners “Caplan’s Syndrome” = anthracosis + RA
14
Q
Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis
A
Endemic fungus around Mississippi or Ohio valleys
15
Q
Coccidiomycosis
A
Endemic fungus in deserts of southwest
16
Q
Blastomycosis
A
Endemic fungus on Eastern Seaboard
17
Q
Asthma (sputum contains?)
A
Sputum analysis yields “Curschmann’s Spirals” or “charcot Leyden crystals”
18
Q
Pulmonary fibrosis
A
Honeycomb lungs
19
Q
Wegener’s granulomatosis
A
Vasculitis of the lung and kidney
20
Q
Emphysema
A
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
21
Q
Hydronephrosis
A
Most cmommonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones
22
Q
Nephritic syndrome
A
RBCs & small amounts of protein in the urine (ie: acute glomerulonephritis
23
Q
Nephrotic syndrome
A
"Pre-ecclampsia = HEP, hypertension, edema, proteinurea (massive) Ecclampsia = HEP + convulsions + coma = potentially fatal
24
Q
Renal shock
A
Acute tubular necrosis
25
Wilm's
Nephroblastoma (mixed tumor of kiney in children (malignant)
26
Conn's
XS aldosterone (hypertension, water retention)
27
Addison's
decreased cortisol (low BP, Hyperpigmentation d/t XS ACTH -> increased MSH, Fatigue symptoms)
28
Goiter
Hyperplasia of thyroid cells d/t lack of iodine
29
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism (exophthalmoses, heat intolerance, weight loss, rapid HR, hair loss)
30
Hashimotos
Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism
31
Myxedma
Hypothyroidsm. Cretinism in children. (Cold intolerance, weight gain, slow HR, loss of lateral 1/3 eyebrows, slow mental faculties
32
Epispadias
Urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis
33
Hypospadias
Urethra opens on ventral surface of penis
34
Leiomyoma
Tumor of smooth muscle (fibroids of uterus)
35
Seminoma
Cancer of testes, most common cause of testicular cancer, mesenchymal/stem cells
36
Polycystic ovary disease
Anovulation, obesity, hirsuitism (XS hair on body and face)
37
Cervical cancer
HPV 16 virus
38
Increased HcG
Pregnancy or hydatidiform mole (non viable embryo)
39
Syphyilis (congenital) signs
1) Hutchinsons's teeth - notched permanent upper incisors
2) Rhagades - fissures or cracks at edge of mouth
3) Saddle nose deformity (bridge of nose fattlened
4) Sabre blad tibia
5) Interstitial keratitis - produces visual changes.
(deafness can also be associated but not always
40
Syphilis (acquired) signs
Primary: hard singular painless nodule (chanchre) on perineum
Secondary: Maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat warts on vulva)
Tertiary: Tabes Dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, Gummas, inclusion body in CNS. Argyll Roberston pupuil (Prostitute's pupil) = doesn't react to light but constricts with accomodation
41
Adie's pupil
Tonic pupil dilation (Mydriasis) d/t injury to CN III Edinger Westphal nucleus
42
Miosis
Tonic pupil constriction d/t injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia
43
Chancroid
Soft painful chancroid caused by haemophilus ducreyi (gram -ve coccobacillus)
44
Gardnerella vaginalis
Similar to Trichomonas, except bacterial
45
Gonorrhea
Gram (-) diplococcus m/c with PID/Salpinitis. Burning urination. PUs in urine. May produce arthritis m/c DJD in knee
46
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydia = orgaism. Produces rectal strtures. Diagnose with Frei test
47
Trichomonas
Purulent vaginal discharge. Gree and frothy, fish, foul. Protozoan
48
Budd-Chiari
Occlusion of hepatic veins: Triad of abdominal pain, ascites and hepatomegaly.
Acute = rapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaudice, hepatomegaly, increase liver enzymes and eventual encephalopathy
49
Crohn's
Autoimmune. Seen in young people. Affects distal small intestine (ileum, cecum and ascending colon (right sided problem). Skip lesions, or cobblestone appearance. NO BLOODY diarrhea. leads to dehydration b/c most water reabsorbed in small intestine (AKA distal ileitis, regional enteritis, regional ileitis)
50
Hirschbrung's
Congenital megacolon. Absence of myenteric plexus = parasympathetic motor plexus. (Meissner's plexus detects chemicals)
51
Intussusception
Telescoping of intestine onto itself, can be caused by rotovirus vaccine
52
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
proximal stomachHematemisis d/t alcoholism. Lacerations of esophagus and
53
Peutzjegher's
Polyposis characterized by polyps in the entire GI tract
54
Plummer Vinson syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia, cheilosis, esophageal webbing and glossitis
55
Ulcerative collitis
AKA toxic megacolon. Pathological intestinal changes, ulcers, BLOOD DIARRHEA, AFFECTS LEFT SIDE OF ABDOMEN (descending and sigmoid colon) "Lead Pipe rigidity
56
Zenker's diverticulum
Outpouching of the esophagus
57
Diabetes insipidus
Decreased ADH d/t posterior pituitary problem (dehydration)
58
Marasmus
Calorie Malnutrition, includes protein
59
Wilson's
Inborn error of copper metabolism. Kayser Fleisher rings = Copper deposits in eye. Hepatolenticular degeneration
60
Brain Tumors
1) Atrocytoma (Type I and II) = m/c and best prognosis in CNS
2) Glioma's = m/c in CNS
3) Gliobastoma mutliform = worst prognosis (affects cerbrum)
4) Medulloblastoma = m/c seen in cerebellar vermsi in children. m/c cerebellar tumor
5) Oligodendroglioma = slowest growing (affects cerebru)
6) Schwannoma = CN VII = acoustic neuroma. Onion bulb tumor (most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
61
Friedreich's ataxia
Lesions of sclerosis of the spinocerebellar tract (neurofibrillary tangles)
62
Horner's syndrome
Interruption of cervical sympathetics (trauma, pancoast tumor) Symptoms = ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis
63
Neurofibromatosis
Von Recklinhausen's disease. Cafe au lait spots "coast of california appearance
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Onion Bulb Tumor
Schwann Cell tumor
65
Parkison's inclusion bodies
Lewy bodies
66
PLS
POsterolateral sclerosis aka combined systems disease. Dorsal colums and corticospinal tract affected. Results from long term pernicious anemia (decreased IF) or decreased Vit B12
67
Aneurismal bone cyst
Benign bone tumor. Metaphyseal/diaphyseal. Eccentric. Blister of bone
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Brown's tumor
Tumor shaped radiolucency d/t loss of bone density from PTH
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Burkett's lymphoma
Starry sky appearance. Jaw mass. Central african child. Epstein Barr virus
70
Carcinoma in situ
Cancer of the epithelial tissue that has not invaded basement membrane
71
Chondroblastoma
Benign bone tumor <20. epiphyseal/metphyseal
72
Chondroma
Benigh tumor of cartilage
73
Chordoma
Cancer that is most commonly seen in sacrum. Crosses joints
74
Enchondroma
Benign hand tumor. Stippled calcification. 2_ enchondromas = multiple enchondromatosis. Enchondromatosis + soft tissue swelling + bone deformity = Maffuci's syndrome
75
Ewing's sarcoma
Multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) periosteal reaction. Cortical saucerization. Children 10-25. Moth eaten appearance in medulla -> mimics osteomyelitis
76
Fibroadenoma of breast
M/C breast tumor associated with estrogens
77
Giant cell tumor
Tumor of osteoclasts. Osteoclastoma. M/c in knee. Quasi-malignant Age 20-40, epiphyseal/metphyseal
78
Hemangioma
Benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in spine
79
Histiocytosis X
Hans-Schuller-Christian disease, Histolytic granuloma, "eosinophilic granuloma. Lipid accumulates -> vertebra plana
80
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Pel-epstein fever, Reed sternberg cells, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes. increased IgE
81
Krukenberg's
Cancer of stomach that metastasizes to overies, signet ring cell tumor
82
Leukoplakia
White patch on oral mucosa from tobacco. cannot be wiped off (precancerous
83
Lung Cancers
1) Adenocarcinoma = m/c with non smokers, best prognosis
2) Oat cell and small cell = worst prognosis
3) Squamous cell = most common in smokers
(can get lung cancer from arsenic poisoning. Arsenic in treated wood)
84
Morton's neuroma
Between heads of 3-4 metatarsals
85
Multiple Myeloma (plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma)
m/c primary bone malignancy in adults. amyloid buildup. Inclusion bodies = russel bodies
x-ray = punched out lesions
Lab: IgG M-spike, Reverse A/G ratio. Rouleaux formation, normocytic, nomochromic anemia, elevated ESR
86
Myxoma
m/c benign cardiac tumor & m/c cardiac tumor
87
Osteoblastoma
m/c seen in neural arch age 10-30
88
Osteochondroma
m/c benign tumor of extremities. 2 types sessile (bump in bone) or peunculated (cartilaginous cap appearance, mushrom projection, coathanger's exostosis) Multiple osteochondromas = hereditary multiple exostosis
89
Osteoid ostema
Pain worse @ night, relieved by aspirin. 15-25. Radiolucent nidus with reactive sclerosis
90
Osteoma
Benign tumor of the skull, m/c in frontal sinus
91
Osteomyelitis
(Brodie's abcess if chronic. Sequestrum, involucrum, cloaca. m/c with staph aureus
92
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma or beign tumor of adrenal medulla (causes episodic hypertension)
93
Rabdomyoma
Tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle
94
Simple/Unicameral bone cyst
Benign bone tumor. Metphyseal/diaphyseal. Concentric "fallen fragment sign" Age - < 20 found in long bones
95
Stomach Cancer
m/c in lesser curvature "leather bottle shaped stomach presentation
96
Teratoma
Tumor of all 3 germinal layers
97
Virchow's nodes
Enlarged supraclvicular lymph nodes d/t metastasis usually GI tract, usually left side supraclavicular lymph nodes
98
Wilm's tumor
Nephroblastoma. Mixed tumor of kidney in children
99
Xanthoma
Yellow tumor of connective tissue
100
Embolus
Foreign body in the bloodtravels. (A thromubs on vacation). Fatty emboli from a fracture in long bones. Emboli in lung m/c from veins in lower extremity
101
Exudate
Fluid and high protein (damaged capillary wall)
102
Transudate
Fluid and low protein (normal capillary wall)
103
5 stages of inflammation
1) Injury
2) Vasoconstriction
3) Vasodilation (histamine and bradykinin)
4) Swelling and edema (cells move into damaged area via chemotaxis -> Diapedisis
5) Healing (mast cells make heparin & serotonin. Serotonin for wound healing, stimulates the myofibroblasts to cause constriction and for type 3 collagen
104
Bradykinin/histamine
Vasodilation (increase inflammation)
105
Leukotrienes, Prostglandins, Substance P
Inflammation pathway (increase inflammation)
106
Enkephalins/endorphins
Pain control (decrease inflammation)
107
NSAIDS
Non-steroidal anti-inflmmatory. Cycloxygenase (COX inhibitor)
108
Steroids
Phospholipase A2 inhibitor (ie: prednisone)
109
Granulocytes
BEN = Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
110
B-lymphocytes
Transform into plasma cells -> make antibodies
111
Basophils
Become mast cells: make histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and heparin
112
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
113
Macrophage
Monocyte at tissue level. (Kupffer = liver, Dust = lung, microglia = brain, langerhan = skin)
114
Natural killer cells
MEN = Monocytes, Eosinophils, neutrophils
115
T- lymphocytes
T-helper = CD4 = activate B cells
T=killer cells = CD8 = cytotoxic cells. Destroy cancer. Kills foreign agents Ie transplants
T-suppressor cvells = T-regulatory cells, decrease immune system. Slows antibody production
116
Immune Complex
Antigen -> Macrophage (antigen presenting cell) -> CD4 cell -> produces lymphokines -> stimulates B-lymphocytes -> converts to plasma cells -> produce antibodies
117
What types of cells does natural immunity?
Natural killer cells
| Mast cells
118
Bruton's Agammaaglobulinnemia
Decreased B cells. Decreased IgG m/cprimary immunodeficiency at birth. X-linked
119
DiGeorge's
Hypoplasia of thymus = primary degree of T cell deficiency
120
Severe Combined immunesystem
Newborn without proper B or T cells. Probelm with bone arrow in adult, m/c due to aplastic anemia.
121
Coagulation
Injury -> release of thromboplastin (needs vit K), Thromboplastin triggers production of prophrombi (using vit KandCa2+) Fibirinogen using thrombini convers to fibrin. Also made in the liver Themore throbin produced the more fibrin produced
122
Hemophilia A
8 deficiency, Von willdebrand disease, decrease in platelet adhesion
123
Hemophila B
9 Deficency ( Christmas factor disease), X-chromose. Female seter
124
Hemophilia from Factor 10 AKA
Stuart factor
125
Hemoophilia C``
11deficienccy
126
What is chronosomie 12
Hageman factor
127
Aplastic anemia
Decreased RBCs and WBCs in the blod
128
Decreased production of RBC's
Iron deficiency (chronic blood loss, microcyti, hypochromic
2) pernicious = lack of intrinsiffactor
3) )Folic acid = in pregnancy (megaloblastic anemia. leads tospina bifida occulta
4) B-12 = seen in vegetarians
129
Loss of blood
1) Chronic blood loss -> decrease iron
2) Hemorrhage = normochromic/normocytic anemia
3) hemolytic breakdow (sick cell, malaria)
4) Thalassemia Major (Cooley's anemia, Mediterranian anemia, Hair on end appearanec on skull
5) Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Rh- mother, RH+ father, Rh + baby. Type II cytotoxic.
130
If a newborn has deficiency of both B&T cells,whichof the following is there atrophyof?
Bone Marrow
131
Aneurysm
Localized dilation of an artery
1) Berry in circle of willlis - Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2) Dissecting: Longitudinal tearing away of the aorta "tearing pain"
3) Abdominal aorta: Sudden low backpain, hypovolemic shock, thready pulse. "Curvilinear calcification, fusiform shape
132
Buerger's
AKA Thromboangitis obliterans. Lower exteremity, males with history of smoking. Intermittent Claudication = cramping with exertion
133
Coaractation of aorta
Narrowing of aorta distal to the left subclavian. Produces HTN in upper extremities and hypotension in lower extremities
134
Monkeberg's sclerosis
Tunica media of medium sized arteries calcified. In smokers and diabetics
135
Prinzmetal's angina
Coronary artery vasospasm
136
Rhabdomyoma
Tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle
137
Takayasu arteritis
AKA pulseless disease" Granulomatous inflammation of the aortic arch
138
Temporal arteritis
AKA "ginat cellarteritis" affects temmporal arteries. Associated with long-standing HTN. Blindness if ophtalmic artery is hit.
139
Tetrology of fallot
DRIP
Dextrorotation of aorta
Right vent hypertophyInterventricular septal defect
Pulmonic stenosis
140
Valvular lesions
D/t tooth extraction ( strep infecction causing Aschoff bodies from Rheumatic fever. Mitral valve affected
141
Siphilis and strep on heart valves?
Syphilis affects aortic valve and strep affects mitral valve
142
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
m//c in children
143
Acute myeloblastic
Any age, m/c acute leukemia in adults (worst prognosis)
144
Chronic lymphocytic
m/c chronic in adults. Chronic leukemia
145
Chronic myelocytic
Youngadulthood, increased granulocytes "philadephia chromosome #22'
146
Achondroplasia
Common formofgenetic dwardfism: Growth plates affected, radiology:bullet vertebra, trident hand
147
Alkaptonuria
Accumulation of homogentisicacid, blue-black deposits in cartilage, ears, nose and cheeks. Causes ochronosis (calcification of discs in spine). Urine turns black on standing collection and can get increase of tyrosine. Homogentisic acid is intermediate in phenyalanine and tyrosine metabolism
148
Charcot Marie Tooth
Hereditary progressive peroneal muscle atrophy. Affects Tib Ant also
149
Huntinton's chorea
Hereditary onset age 30-50. basal ganglion affected:atrophy of caudate. On Chromosome #4 decrease inGABA. Producesdementia and death
150
Phenylketonuria
Can't convert phenylalanine ot tyrosine d/t phenylalanine hydroxylase. Retardation can becontrolled bydiet if caught early
151
Von Gierke's
Lacks enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase) in liver. XS glycogen stored inliver, can't break down
152
Cri du chat
CHS #5 aberration. Cats cry. Characteristic cry of newborn. Disappears usually by age 1-2
153
Gaucher's
Lipodystrophy. XS glucerebrosides in brain, liver and spleen
154
Krabbe's
Lipodystrophy. SX galactocerebrosides in white matter
155
Niemann Pick's
Lipodystrophy. Increasedsphingomyelin. A sphingomyelinase deficiency
156
Tay Sach's
Lipodystrophy. Increased gagliosides in brain.Glycosphingolipid. Hexosaminidase A deficiency. Cherry red spots on the macula. Infant death. m/c in Ashkenasi Jews
157
Duchene's Muscular dystrophy
Boys age 3-7. Pseudohypertrophy of calves. Musclereplaced by fat. Recessive X-linked. Increased CPK (creatine phosphokinase). Waddling gait, proximal muscles affected
158
Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy
Autosomal dominant form of muscular dystrophy in adults. Affects facce, scapula and upper arms
159
Limbgirdle dystrophy
Autosomal class of muscular dystrophy. Effects hips and shoulders
160
Myotonic dystrophy
Can't relax muscle
161
Fragile X
Sex linked m/c form of mild mentalretardation caused by fragile site at XQ27
