Pathology Flashcards

Question

What is APKD?

Answer 1

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease Also called Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease or Potter Type II

Answer 2

``` Autosomal Resessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Rare Chromosome 6 Dilation of renal collecting tubules Renal failure ```

Answer 3

Leads to renal failure and demise Oligohydramnios Enlarged echogenic kidneys

Answer 4

More common in females Bilateral enlarged echogenic kidneys with cysts (3B's-BIG, BRIGHT, BILATERAL) Infants often die with complications of renal failure & hepatic disease

Answer 5

Lack of corticomedullary differentiation Small cysts in the medulla Hepatic fibrosis & splenomegaly

Answer 6

``` Common Men & women Most common is chromosome 16 Bilateral Multiple cysts (in other organs also) Dialysis Associated with liver cysts ```

Answer 7

``` Flank pain Hypertension Mass Hematuria Headache UTI Renal insufficiency ```

Answer 8

Moderately enlarged hyperechoic kidneys

Answer 9

``` Bilateral renal enlargement Loss of shape Multiple cysts Normal renal parenchyma can be displaced with cysts Can become infected or hemorrhagic May lead to renal failure ```

Answer 10

Non-hereditary Renal dysplasia Unilateral

Answer 11

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Answer 12

Infection Hypertension Hematuria Flank pain

Answer 13

``` Enlarged kidneys Multiple cysts Ureteral atresia Ureteropelvic obstruction If bilateral, not compatible with life Non functioning kidney Compensatory hypertrophy of the other kidney ```

Answer 14

Autosomal resessive/dominant forms Salt wasting nephropathy Bilateral

Answer 15

``` Tubular atrophy Glomerular sclerosis Multiple small cysts Loss of cortico-medullary junction Renal failure ```

Answer 16

Urolithiasis Neohrolithiasis Nephrocalcinosis

Answer 17

``` Combo of chemicals in urine Kidney stones anywhere in the urinary tract Common Causes obstruction Severe back pain ```

Answer 18

Kidney stones within the kidney Men Renal calculi appear as reflective echogenic foci Staghorn calculus-large stones in the central portion

Answer 19

Renal stones are echogenic with shadowing Color Doppler - TWINKLING artifact

Answer 20

*renal acidosis Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy Percutanceous nephrolithotomy Ureteroscopic stone removal

Answer 21

Nephrocalcinosis

Answer 22

Diffuse foci calcium Bilateral Very echogenic pyramids Loss of cortico-medullary junction

Answer 23

Cortical nephrocalcinosis

Answer 24

Rare birth defect Benign Calcium stones Dysplastic dilatation of tubules

Answer 25

``` Renal cell carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Lymphoma Metastases Wilm's tumor ```

Answer 26

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer 27

Twice *6th to 7th decade of life

Answer 28

Hematuria Flank pain Palpable mass Unexplained weight loss

Answer 29

Staging-Robson

Answer 30

1. Confined to kidney 2. Spread to perinephric fat but within Gerota fascia 3. Perinephric involvement with spread to renal vein &/or IVC 3. Perinephric involvement with regional lymph node enlargement 3. Perinephric involvement with venous & lymph 4. Invasion of adjacent structures

Answer 31

Hypernephroma

Answer 32

Echogenic mass Complex Calcification Highly vascular - "basket sign"

Answer 33

Transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 34

``` Often multiple Higher in males Hypoechoic mass in the renal pelvis Invasive Pain secondary to obstruction Hematuria ```

Answer 35

``` Secondary to non-hodgkins or hodgkins Bilateral invasion Multiple nodules Enlarged kidneys No definite mass ```

Answer 36

Common primaries - melanoma, lymphoma CA of: lung, breast, colon, cervix, pancreas

Answer 37

``` Also called nephroblatoma Associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann Sporadic aniridia (no color in the eyes) Omphalocele Palpable mass Nausea & vomiting Gross hematuria ```

Answer 38

Wilm's tumor

Answer 39

IVC and rt atrium *mets to lung

Answer 40

Leg edema Varicocele Budd-Chiari

Answer 41

``` Angiomyolipoma Adenoma Lipoma Oncocytoma Nephroma Fibroma ```

Answer 42

MOST COMMON benign renal tumor - muscle and fat Renal hamartoma May be hemorrhagic Focal, solid, echogenic mass in the cortex **KNOW THIS!!!

Answer 43

``` Benign renal tumor Tubular epithelial Incidental finding Well defined mass in renal cortex Calcifications Cannot differentiate from RCC ```

Answer 44

``` Fat cells Females Asymptomatic Hematuria Well defined echogenic mass Connective tissue tumor ```

Answer 45

``` Benign and well defined Large epithelial cells Males over 65 Also in parathyroid, thyroid, adrenals Asymptomatic Hematuria and pain "SPOKE WHEEL" pattern with a central scar (stellate scar) ```

Answer 46

Renal parenchyma

Answer 47

``` Acute pyelonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Pyonephrosis Glomerulonephritis Fungal-candidiasis Abscesses ```

Answer 48

``` Pain Hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria WBC in urine, WBC elevated Internal echoes Thicken walls ```

Answer 49

Pyelonephritis to bacterial nephritis to abscess Shaggy borders Loss of ability to distinguish cortex from medulla

Answer 50

Inflammation involving pyelocaliceal lining Infection can begin in bladder and spread May appear normal on US

Answer 51

``` Life threatening infection Air in parenchyma - "comet tail" artifact Bacteria - escherichia coli Diabetic Enlarged inflamed kidneys ```

Answer 52

May lead to renal failure Decreased renal size Cortical thinning

Answer 53

``` Uncommon Chronic obstruction and infection Large non functioning kidney Staghorn calculus Females ```

Answer 54

``` Flank pain Vomiting Hematuria Infection Leukocytosis Decreased blood flow Enlarged kidney ```

Answer 55

Acute renal failure May be reversed Bilateral enlarged kidneys with hyperechoic pyramids

Answer 56

Pus within the obstructed collecting system | Requires drainage

Answer 57

Necrosis in the glomeruli Enlarged, poorly functioning, bilateral Increased cortical echoes Symptoms - nephrotic syndrome, HYPERTENSION, anemia, edema

Answer 58

Fever Pain Pyuria Increased BUN, albumin, total plasma proteins

Answer 59

Infections such as scarlet fever and diphtheria Enlarged kidneys Increased echogenicity Symptoms - uremia, proteinuria, hematuria, rash, fever

Answer 60

``` Systematic lupus erythematosis CONNECTIVE TISSUE disorder Females Increased cortical echogenicity Renal atrophy ``` Symptoms - hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, renal vein thrombosis, renal insufficiency

Answer 61

Focal abscesses - fungal balls on US

Answer 62

Acute onset Fever, chills Increased WBC Pyuria

Answer 63

Complex pattern due to debris | Gas may produce a dirty shadow

Answer 64

Parasitic infection | Other countries in Africa

Answer 65

Kidneys inability to filter

Answer 66

BUN and CREATINE

Answer 67

``` Nephroschlerosis Infarction Renal artery stenosis CHF Thrombosis of the renal vein ```

Answer 68

Acute tubular necrosis - MOST COMMON

Answer 69

``` Functions of the kidneys decreases Common condition Abrupt transient - comes and goes Oliguria Decreased profusion Acute azotemia - BUN & CREAT increase ```

Answer 70

Functions of the kidneys decreased Obstructive nephropathies Parenchyma disease Nephrons destroyed

Answer 71

Chronic failure of the nephrons

Answer 72

Chronic failure of the renal vascular system

Answer 73

Chronic failure of the interstitial

Answer 74

Diffusely echogenic kidney | Decreased size

Answer 75

Type I - increased echogenicity, decrease in corticomedullary junction, as progressing to chronic: kidney size decreases Type II - distortion of normal anatomy, focal lesions

Answer 76

Non specific complaints to severe pain Acute urinary retention Increased BUN & CREAT - azotemia

Answer 77

Separation of renal sinus by fluid filled areas | Differentiate from extra renal pelvis

Answer 78

Ureters are obstructed

Answer 79

Overhydration

Answer 80

Stricture - narrowing Renal calculi Bleeding Pyelonephrosis

Answer 81

``` Pregnancy Pelvic mass Bladder neck obstruction Trauma Prostate hypertrophy Urethritis ```

Answer 82

Ureteropelvic obstruction Posterior urethral valve Retro caval ureter

Answer 83

Grade I - small separation of the calyceal pattern (splaying) Grade II - bear claw effect with fluid extending into the calyceal system Grade III - massive dilation with loss of renal parenchyma

Answer 84

RI of renal vessels may increase No ureteral jet on the affected side Bilateral indicates obstruction in the lower urinary system - enlarged prostate, bladder tumor, urethral valve syndrome

Answer 85

Reflux, infection, distended bladder, pregnancy | Check for jets

Answer 86

``` **Extra renal pelvis Parapelvic cysts Reflux Multi cystic Renal artery aneurysm Overextended bladder ```

Answer 87

Staghorn calculus Polycystic disease Severe dehydration

Answer 88

``` Presents with HYPERTENSION Arteriosclerosis Fibromuscular hyperplasia Direct and indirect Doppler - "banana peel" **check AO also ```

Answer 89

Renal artery stenosis

Answer 90

Rapid systolic upstroke and early diastolic peak

Answer 91

``` Absence of systolic peak Prolonged upstroke Decreased peak systolic (> .19) Dampening of the waveform **Tardus-parvus --> decreased acceleration and peak ```

Answer 92

RAR = renal artery peak systolic velocity ---------------------------------------- aortic peak systolic velocity

Answer 93

Renal arteriography

Answer 94

Enlarged kidneys Dilation of the renal vein proximal to the obstruction Decreased flow

Answer 95

Tissue necrosis - wedged shaped Results from thrombus, tumor, or obstruction Irregular masses Lumpy bumpy renal contour

Answer 96

``` Rejection Acute tubular necrosis Hemorrhage Infarction Recurrent glomerulonephritis Rupture Renal emphysema ```

Answer 97

Surgery of donor kidney | Surgery to place the kidney in the iliopelvic region

Answer 98

``` Main renal artery Segmental or intralobar Arcuate Renal vein Iliac artery ```

Answer 99

Smooth structure Sonolucent pyramids Psoas muscle

Answer 100

Hyperacute within hrs Acute within days to months Chronic within months Immunologic

Answer 101

``` Enlargement and decreases echo of the pyramids Hyperechoic cortex Localized anechoic areas Distortion of the renal outline Patchy sonolucent areas ```

Answer 102

Parenchyma and sinus Irregular margins

Answer 103

``` Acute tubular necrosis Cyclosporine toxicity Malignancy Extraperitoneal fluid Hematoma Perinephric abscess LYMPHOCELE - common complication Obstructive nephropathy Graft rupture Arteriovenous malformations ```

Answer 104

``` Low filter Small scale RI > .90 indicates acute rejection RI < .70 unlikely to indicate rejection No flow indicates occlusion ```

Answer 105

ABD collection of blood Drop in hematocrit Well defined sonolucent area

Answer 106

Decrease in hematocrit | Hematuria

Answer 107

Herniation of the bladder wall Congenital or acquired Neck connecting adjacent fluid filled structure

Answer 108

Posterior urethra valves syndrome (PUV) - flap of tissue covers the opening in the area of the urethra

Answer 109

Urethra obstruction Cystic dilation of the distal ureter

Answer 110

Bladder inflammation | Thickening of the bladder wall

Answer 111

``` Transitional cell carcinoma Gross hematuria Focal bladder wall thickness Color Doppler for increased vascularity Evaluate kidneys ```

Answer 112

Phenomenon describing urine entering the bladder Absence is a sign of obstruction "Candle sign" - low continuous jet indicating partial obstruction

Pathology Flashcards

(145 cards)