Pathology Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
S/S of prolactinoma?
A
dec LH and FSH
amenorrhea
galactorrhea
M: dec libido, impotence
2
Q
tropic tissues involved w/ production of oxytocin?
A
suckling reflex of breast
3
Q
internal and external changes involved in acromegaly?
A
Int: enlarged organs, CHF, HTN, H/A
Ext: prognathism, radial bone growth, teeth seperation, macroglossia
4
Q
Criteria for macroadenoma? Symptoms?
A
> 10 mm
bitemporal hemianopsia
5
Q
criteria for microadenoma?
A
6
Q
who gets sheehan’s syndrome?
A
pregnant, post partum hemorrhaging women
7
Q
what are the features of empty sella syndrome?
A
thin flat pituitary due to herniated CSF, seen in obese multiparous women w/ HTN
8
Q
what is the etiology and diagnostic method for a craniopharyngioma?
A
suprasellar usually, typical macroadenoma symptoms
DI also high incidence
9
Q
Post MVA diabetes insipidus, renal function?
A
lack of con urine -> water loss
10
Q
what are the effects of ADH?
A
conc urine, inc water permeability in DCT and CD
11
Q
what hormones are affected in hypofunction of pituitary?
A
Children: GH espec, -> dwarfism
Adults: thyroid and adrenal issues, DI
12
Q
what treatment is done for prolactin secreting adenomas?
A
bromocryptine (dopamine agonist)
transphenoidal resection
13
Q
hormones produced by acidophils?
A
GH and prolactin
14
Q
hormones produced by basophils?
A
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
15
Q
hypophyseal portal is between which two organs?
A
hypothalamus and ant pituitary
16
Q
what hormones are produced in the post pituitary?
A
ADH and oxytocin
17
Q
what axon body secretes ADH?
A
supraoptic
18
Q
what axon body secretes oxytocin?
A
paraventricular
19
Q
what structure is formed by rathkes pouch?
A
pars tuberalis, pars distalis, adenohypophosis
20
Q
what is required for normal secretion of T4 and T3?
A
Iodine, tyrosine
21
Q
what is the pathology associated w/ lack of I-?
A
goiter
22
Q
major neoplastic conversion seen in hashimoto?
A
B cell lymphoma
23
Q
what causes hashimoto thyroiditis?
A
CD4 act B cell produced ant TPO and anti TG
IgG
24
Q
what drug is known for bein goiterogenic?
A
lithium
25
what countries have high endemic goiters still?
africa, china, himalayas
26
Reidel's thyroiditis pathology?
hard fibrosis
one lobe
idiopathic
27
subabute thyroiditis pathology?
post viral URI
28
what causes exopthalmos
swollen (lymphocyte stimulating fibroblasts) extra ocular muscles causes proptosis
29
most characteristic histologic feature of graves?
"moth eaten" colloid
| aka scalloped
30
tropic tissues involved w/ production of oxytocin?
suckling reflex of breast
31
internal and external changes involved in acromegaly?
Int: enlarged organs, CHF, HTN, H/A
Ext: prognathism, radial bone growth, teeth seperation, macroglossia
32
Criteria for macroadenoma? Symptoms?
>10 mm
| bitemporal hemianopsia
33
criteria for microadenoma?
34
who gets sheehan's syndrome?
pregnant, post partum hemorrhaging women
35
what are the features of empty sella syndrome?
thin flat pituitary due to herniated CSF, seen in obese multiparous women w/ HTN
36
what is the etiology and diagnostic method for a craniopharyngioma?
suprasellar usually, typical macroadenoma symptoms
| DI also high incidence
37
Post MVA diabetes insipidus, renal function?
lack of con urine -> water loss
38
what are the effects of ADH?
conc urine, inc water permeability in DCT and CD
39
what hormones are affected in hypofunction of pituitary?
Children: GH espec, -> dwarfism
Adults: thyroid and adrenal issues, DI
40
what treatment is done for prolactin secreting adenomas?
bromocryptine (dopamine agonist)
| transphenoidal resection
41
hormones produced by acidophils?
GH and prolactin
42
hormones produced by basophils?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
43
hypophyseal portal is between which two organs?
hypothalamus and ant pituitary
44
what hormones are produced in the post pituitary?
ADH and oxytocin
45
what axon body secretes ADH?
supraoptic
46
what axon body secretes oxytocin?
paraventricular
47
what structure is formed by rathkes pouch?
pars tuberalis, pars distalis, adenohypophosis
48
what is required for normal secretion of T4 and T3?
Iodine, tyrosine
49
what is the pathology associated w/ lack of I-?
goiter
50
major neoplastic conversion seen in hashimoto?
B cell lymphoma
51
what causes hashimoto thyroiditis?
CD4 act B cell produced ant TPO and anti TG
| IgG
52
what drug is known for bein goiterogenic?
lithium
53
what countries have high endemic goiters still?
africa, china, himalayas
54
Reidel's thyroiditis pathology?
hard fibrosis
one lobe
idiopathic
55
subabute thyroiditis pathology?
post viral URI
56
what causes exopthalmos
swollen (lymphocyte stimulating fibroblasts) extra ocular muscles causes proptosis
57
most characteristic histologic feature of graves?
"moth eaten" colloid
| aka scalloped
58
most characteristic histologic feature of graves?
"moth eaten" colloid
| aka scalloped
59
define toxic and non toxic regarding adenomas and goiters?
toxic: causing a state of hyperthyroid
| non toxic: euthyroid
60
what creates granulomatous thyroiditis?
URI
61
what are the clinical features of hypofunctioning thyroid
Skin: pretibial myxedema
NS: lethargy, slow mentation, paranoia, depression
Heart: dec CO, cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion
GI: constipation
GU: irregular menses, progesterone deficit
Men: erectile dysfunction, oliospermia
62
characteristics of myxedema?
madness, megacolon, dermopathy, cardiac
63
metastasis route of papillary carcinoma?
lymphatic
64
metastasis route of follicular carcinoma?
blood stream
65
what thyroid cancer doesnt arise from follicles?
Medullary carcinoma ( c cells)
66
what thyroid cancer is mostly seen in kids?
papillary carcinoma
67
what thyroid cancer is most common?
papillary carcinoma
68
what protein is produced by medullary carcinoma?
amyloid
69
what stain is used to see amyloid?
congo red
| would see apple green bifringence
70
follicular adenoma vs carcinoma characteristics?
adenoma: cold, 1-3 cm, solitary, capsulated, nodule
carcinoma: invading capsule
71
Psammoma bodies are associated w/ ?
papillary carcinoma
72
what are the three hereditary components of MEN 2 syndrome?
medullary carcinoma
pheochromocytoma
parathyroid hyperplasia
73
what are the thyroid hormones and what are their functions?
Triiodothyrinine, thyroxine
| regulate metabolism
74
describe the embryologic migration of thyroid tissue?
behind the tongue, through foramen cecum under the hyoid
75
location of thyroglossal duct
midline trachea, between hyoid and the isthemus
76
what does the ultimobranchial body arise from? what does it become?
5th pouch, becomes parafollicular c cells
77
most common primary hyperparathyroid state
PT adenoma
78
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroid?
Chronic renal failure
79
what are the 3 organ systems involved in PT regulation?
bones, kidneys, GI
| NO PITUITARY
80
what 2 cell types are found in PT?
Principle or chief cells
| Oxyphil cells
81
clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroid
```
excess PTH
high Ca
low PO4
osteopenia
osteitis fibrosa cystica
rena ca stones
depression, mental changes
hyperreflexia
constipation
pancreatic issues
```
82
clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroid
```
hypo Ca
Hyper PO4
arrhythmia
tetany
psychosis
paranoia
depression
```
83
what is the function of PTH
inc # and act of osteoclasts in bone
upregulates resorption of Ca, Mg and PO4 in GI
increases resorption of Ca, Mg in kidney
inc excretion of PO4
84
what organ carries the inferior PT during development and migration?
thymus
85
Treatment for PT adenoma vs hyperplasia
Adenoma: one enlarged gland removed
Hyperplasia: all 4 glands enlarged, remove three and leave one
86
What is the most common thyroid tumor in adolescence
Papillary carcinoma
87
most common cell type involved in benign pituitary prolactinoma?
lactotroph
88
how do you treat a prolactinoma?
give dopamine agonist like bromocriptine
89
What type of adenoma is a prolactinoma?
microadenoma
90
What type of adenoma is a somatotropic adenoma?
macroadenoma
91
What is the general treatment for macroadenomas?
transphenoidal surgery
92
what type of adenoma is a corticotropic adenoma?
microadenoma
93
what are the symptoms of a corticotropic adenoma?
cushings dz
weakness
fatigue
mental instability
94
What type of adenoma are thyrotropic and gonadotropic?
macroadenomas
95
what two things do you need to make thyroid hormones?
iodine and tyrosine
96
What are the symptoms in males for thyrotropic/gonadotropic anenomas?
headache
visual disturbance
hypogonadism
97
What is the only posterior pituitary disease? what causes it?
diabetes insipidus
| caused by decreased ADH
98
Characteristic signs of diabetes insipidus
diuresis, thirst, polyuria, polydipsia, urinating hypotonic urine
99
most common cause of hypopituitarism?
adenoma
100
what two diseases can cause hypopituitarism
hemochromatosis
| langerhans cell histocytosis
101
What are the risk factors for empty sella syndrome?
```
woman
middle aged
multiparous
HTN
obese
```
102
What area are craniopharyngiomas found? and how old is the pt?
suprasellar; child or adolescent
103
what is characteristic of de quarvian thyroiditis?
previous URT
104
what does colloid look like in graves disease?
looks scalloped or moth eaten
105
what is myxedema madness?
paranoid ideation and depression w/ hypothyroidism
106
what is myxedema megacolon?
constipation with hypothyroidism
107
what is myxedema heart
dilated enlarged heart with pericardial effusion
108
which thyroiditis is associated with B cell lymphoma
hashimotos thyroiditis
109
what does the thyroid look like grossly in graves?
firm and dark red
110
what does the thyroid look like with hashimotos
pale tan and fleshy
111
what is the characteristic of reidel thyroiditis
stone hard or "woody"
112
what are the 4 types of thyroid carcinoma
papillary follicular, medullary anaplastic
113
what carcinoma is associated with orphan annie and psammoma bodies
papillary carcinoma
114
what thyroid carcinoma is associated with stromal amyloid
medullary carcinoma
115
which is the worst thyroid cancer and is also associated with a hx of low grade carcinoma of another area?
anaplastic carcinoma
116
what two things do lithium cause?
parathyroid hyperplasia
| hypothyroid
117
what chromosome is associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism? and what is it?
chromosome 20
| target organ insensitivity to PTH
