Pathology Flashcards by Captain America

________ is calcium infiltration into normal tissues (ex. Hypervitaminosis D)

Metastatic calcification

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________ is calcium infiltration into abnormal/damaged tissue (ex. atherosclerosis or atheroma…damage to tunica intima)

Dystrophic calcification

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________ necrosis occurs from TB

Caseous

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________ occurs when a membrane is injured which effects ionic transfer. Albuminous.

Cloudy Swelling

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________ necrosis is associated with infarction (MI)

Coagulation

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Pancreas issues can be associated with ________ degeneration

Enzymatic

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A “nutmeg liver” and “Tabby cat heart” both have to do with ________ degeneration

Fatty

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________ necrosis can be the result of the brain “melting”, tertiary syphilis, leprosy and can also occur to the skin due to certain infections

Liquefaction

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________ degeneration affects the peripheral nerves and the degeneration occurs next to the Node of Ranvier

Wallerian

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________ degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle and is where the muscle is replaced by hyaline

Zenker’s (waxy)

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Match the following terms with their description
Term——————–Description
Karyolysis————Nuclear condensation
Karyorrhexis——–Nuclear rupture
Pyknosis————–Nuclear swelling

Term——————–Description
Karyolysis————Nuclear rupture
Karyorrhexis——–Nuclear swelling
Pyknosis————–Nuclear condensation

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________ is the absence of an organ (usually a paired organ)

Agenesis

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________ is where small remnants of an organ is present (but the organ lacks full development)

Aplasia

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________ is where the organ forms smaller than normal and is defective

Hypoplasia

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________ is a decrease in size (due to disuse). Seen most commonly in muscle

Atrophy

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________ in an increase in size (ex. muscle exercise)

Hypertrophy

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________ is an increase in number of cells

Hyperplasia

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________ is a change from one cell type to another (ex. happens in the lung tissue with smokers)

Metaplasia

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________ is a change in size, shape/function of a cell and is the last stage before precancerous stage (but is still reversible)

Dysplasia

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________ is the complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)

Anaplasia

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Match the following type of collagen to where its found in the body
Collagen——-Location
Type 1———–Disc (Nucleus Pulp.)
Type 2———-Basement Membrane
Type 3———-Bone, Msc, Tendons, Ligs, Ann. Fibrosus
Type 4———-Spleen/Lymph nodes

Collagen-------Location
Type 1-----------Bone, Msc, Tendons, Ligs, Ann. Fibrosus
Type 2----------Disc (Nucleus Pulp.)
Type 3----------Spleen/Lymph nodes
Type 4----------Basement Membrane

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Type ________ collagen is reticular collagen

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________ is a pneumoconiosis from sand, rock or glass

Silicosis

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________ is a pneumoconiosis that leads to mesothelioma and malignant tumors

Asbestosis

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________ is a pneumoconiosis from iron

Siderosis

________ is a pneumoconiosis from cotton dust

Byssinosis

________ is a pneumoconiosis from mining coal

Anthracosis

________ is an endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard (Florida to Nova Scotia)

Blastomycosis

Match the following Silicosis------------------Caplans' Syndrome Byssinosis---------------Ohio/Mississippi Valley fever Anthracosis-------------Rocky Quarry disease Hystomycosis----------San Joaquin Valley fever Coccidiomycosis-----Brown Lung

Silicosis------------------Rocky Quarry disease Byssinosis---------------Brown Lung Anthracosis-------------Caplans' Syndrome Hystomycosis----------Ohio/Mississippi Valley fever Coccidiomycosis-----San Joaquin Valley fever

If sputum analysis yields "Curshmann's Spirals" or "Charcot Leyden Crystals" then you likely have ________

Asthma

________ affects chloride channels and is associated with salty baby syndrome and affects the GI and respiratory mucus linings and exocrine secreations

Cystic Fibrosis

________ is where iron gets into lungs due to bleeding

Hemosiderosis

________ leads to honeycomb lung

Pulmonary fibrosis

________ leads to caseous necrosis in the lungs, ghon complex/lesions, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytes and, if spread to the spine = Pott's disease (and Gibbus deformity if collapsed vertebra

________ is associated with vasculitis of the lung and kidney

Wegener's granulomatosis

________ is associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Emphysema

________ is increased nitrogen in the blood and could be due to decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen

Azotemia

________ is most commonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones

Hydronephrosis

aka Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stone

Most common kidney stone is ________

calcium oxalate

Increased RBCs (and maybe a little protein) in the urine indicates ________

Nephritic Syndrome

Increased proteins in the urine indicates ________

Nephrotic Syndrome

________ is associated with moth-eaten appearance (think soft tissue, not lytic bone tumor)

Polycystic kidney

________ is associated with acute tubular necrosis

Shock

________ is a mixed tumor (malignant nephroblastoma) of the kidney in children

Wilm's

________ is due to decreased cortisol and is associated with low blood pressure, hyperpigmentation due to increased MSH and fatigue a. Addison's b. Conn's c. Cushing's d. Goiter

a. Addison's

________ is due to excess aldosterone and is associated with ypertension and water retention a. Addison's b. Conn's c. Cushing's d. Goiter

b. Conn's

________ is due to excess aldosterone and is associated with hyperadrenia, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae and central obesity a. Addison's b. Conn's c. Cushing's d. Goiter

c. Cushing's

________ is due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine a. Addison's b. Conn's c. Cushing's d. Goiter

d. Goiter

________ is due to hyperthyoroidism and causes exophthalmoses, heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia and hair loss a. Graves Disease b. Hashimoto c. Myxedema d. Cushin's

a. Graves Disease

________ is due to an autoimmune disorder and leads to hypothyroidism a. Graves Disease b. Hashimoto c. Myxedema d. Cushin's

b. Hashimoto

________ is associated with hypothyroidism, causes cretinism in a child, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrows, and slow mental faculties a. Graves Disease b. Hashimoto c. Myxedema d. Cushin's

c. Myxedema

________ cancer is associated with HPV

Cervical

________ can cause testicular cancer

Cryptorchidism

The ovary is the most common site for ________

Endometriosis

________ is a condition where the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis

Epispadia

________ is a condition where the urethra exits on the ventral surface of the penis

Hypospadia

Increased ________ is associated with pregnancy or a hydatidiform mole (non-viable embryo that has implanted)

HCG

________ is a tumor of smooth muscle (ex. uterine fibroids)

Leiomyoma

________ is associated with anovulation,obesity, hirsutism (esp. hair on body and face)

Polycystic ovary disease

________ is associated with mesenchymal/stem cell and is the most common cause of testicular cancer

Seminoma

Hutchinson's teeth, Rhagades, Saddle nose deformity, Sabre blade tibia and interstitial keratitis are the 5 signs of ________

Congenital Syphilis

________ is the organism associated with acquired syphilis

Treponema pallidum

A hard, singular painless nodule (chancre) on perineum occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis

Primary

A maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat arts on the vulva) occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis

Secondary

Tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm and gummas inclusion body in CNS occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis

Tertiary

Aka for Argyll Robertson pupil

Prostitute's pupil

________ pupil is tonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to injury to CNIII Edinger Westphal nucleus

Adie's

________ is tonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

Miosis

________ is a soft painful lesion caused by Haemophilus ducreyi [gram (-) coccobacillus] a. Chancroid b. Chlamydia c. Gardnerella vaginalis d. Gonorrhea

a. Chancroid

________ is artery hardening

Arteriosclerosis

________ is hardening due to fat

Atherosclerosis

Patchy thickening (atheromas) occur at the ________ wall of medium and large arteries, causing them to become thick and lose elasticity

Subintimal

Which of the following are risk factors of arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis? a. hypertension b. smoking c. diabetes mellitis d. all the above

d. all the above

Ateriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis are the main cause for which 2 diseases

1. Ischemic heart disease | 2. Cerebrovascular disease

________ arteriosclerosis is associated with calcified tunica media and medium sized arteries (ex. femoral, radial and uterine)

Monckeberg

________ arteriosclerosis is associated with proliferation intima, small vessels and it obliterates artery

Obliterans

________ arteriosclerosis is the arteriosclerosis of extremities

Peripheral

________ can be asymptomatic aneurysms or they can put pressure on the lumbar spine

AAA

________ aneurysms are associated with the Circle of Willis

Berry

A patient waking up with a throbbing headache (typically in the occipital region could have ________

Hypertension

Match the following regarding hypertension Essential---------------Earliest phase Secondary-------------Over 40 Benign------------------Papilledema, retinal hemorrhages Malignant--------------Na+ retention and periph. resist.

Essential---------------Over 40 Secondary-------------Na+ retention and periph. resist. Benign------------------Earliest phase Malignant--------------Papilledema, retinal hemorrhages

Match the following regarding hypertension Hypertensive disease------Detail Heart------------------------------Cotton wool spots Renal------------------------------L. vent. hypertrophy Cerebral--------------------------Loss of nephrons Retinal-----------------------------Thrombosis and strokes

Hypertensive disease------Detail Heart------------------------------L. vent. hypertrophy Renal------------------------------Loss of nephrons Cerebral--------------------------Thrombosis and strokes Retinal-----------------------------Cotton wool spots

________ is the congenital failure of closure between pulmonary artery and aorta

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

________ is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy due to lung malfunction

Cor Pulmonale

_______ is the dextrorotation of the aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy, intraventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery stenosis

Tetralogy of Fallot

________ is usually due to a bacterial infection and affects the mitral and aortic valves

Rheumatic Fever

In Rheumatic Fever, the ________ valve is usually the 1st affected

Mitral

_______ anemia is associated with iron deficiency, females of child-bearing years, or chronic hemorrhage

Microcytic Hypochromic

_______ anemia is associated with deficiency of B9 or B12, a loss of parietal cells, reticulocytosis development

Macrocytic normochromic

________ anemia is associated with B12 absorption deficiency

Pernicious

Triphasic color change

Pallor, cyanosis, rubor

________ is associated with esophageal varices

Portal hypertension

________ are bacteria that cause ulcerations in the stomach

H. Pylori

________ emboli are due to activities like deep sea diving

Air emboli

________ emboli can occur in adults with a fractured femur

Fat emboli

________ is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and is associated with coxsackie virus, chronic anemail, alcoholism, sarcoidosis and pregnancy (3rd Trimester) a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy c. Restrictive diastolic disorder

b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

________ is associated with a heavy muscular hyper-contracting heart, is congenital, Friedreich's Atasxia, glycogen storage disease and infants of diabetic mothers a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy c. Restrictive diastolic disorder

a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder

________ is where left ventricular filling is impeded and is associated with amyloidosis, radiation-induced fibrosis and is found in children a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy c. Restrictive diastolic disorder

c. Restrictive diastolic disorder

``` Match the following Asbestosis---------------Tin dust Siderosis-----------------Sugar cane dust Bagassosis--------------Beryllium dust Stannosis----------------Iron dust Berylliosis---------------Asbestos dust ```

``` Asbestosis---------------Asbestos dust Siderosis-----------------Iron dust Bagassosis--------------Sugar cane dust Stannosis----------------Tin dust Berylliosis---------------Beryllium dust ```

The 3 symptoms of Horner's are ________

1. Ptosis 2. Mitosis 3. Anhydrosis

Whiplash, smoking, asbestos, and a Pancoast tumor can all cause ________

Horner's

Match the following regarding pneumonia Lobular pneumonia----------Common in AIDS pts Friedlander's-------------------Rusty sputum Pneumocystis carinii--------Red currant jelly sputum Pneumococcal----------------MC type of bacterial pneum.

Lobular pneumonia----------MC type of bacterial pneum. Friedlander's-------------------Red currant jelly sputum Pneumocystis carinii--------Common in AIDS pts Pneumococcal----------------Rusty sputum

________ is associated with mucosal ulcerations and watery stools, is episodic with bloody diarrhea and fever a. Crohn's b. Hirschprung's c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome d. Ulcerative Colitis

d. Ulcerative Colitis

________ is associated with gas and distention, pencil-thin stools, is episodic with constipation and diarrhea a. Crohn's b. Hirschprung's c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome d. Ulcerative Colitis

c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome

________ is associated with skip lesions, distal ileum and colon and chronic diarrhea, fever and anorexia a. Crohn's b. Hirschprung's c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome d. Ulcerative Colitis

a. Crohn's

________ is associated with skip congenital absence of Meissner's and Auerbach's autonomic plexus and could be fatal if not diagnosed in infancy a. Crohn's b. Hirschprung's c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome d. Ulcerative Colitis

b. Hirschprung's

Match the following terms with their aka Term------------------------------Aka Crohn's--------------------------Congenital megacolon Hirschprung's-----------------Celiac Sprue Celiac Disease----------------Regional Enteritis -------------------------------------Gluten Enteropathy -------------------------------------Nontropical Sprue

Term------------------------------Aka Crohn's--------------------------Regional Enteritis Hirschprung's-----------------Congenital megacolon Celiac Disease----------------Nontropical Sprue Celiac Disease----------------Gluten Enteropathy Celiac Disease----------------Celiac Sprue

________ is hereditary and is associated with chronic intestinal malabsorption causing mucosal damage

Celiac Disease - --aka Nontropical Sprue - --aka Gluten Enteropathy - --aka Celiac Sprue

________ is associated with mucosal abnormalities in small bowel, multiple nutritional deficiencies, and a triad of sore tongue, diarrhea, weight loss

Tropical Sprue

________ is associated with small bowel infection, lymph obstruction, anemia, weight loss, skin pigmentation, diarrhea, joint symptoms, severe malabsorption, abdominal pain, cough, pleuritic pain and affects men aged 30-60

Whipple's Disease

_________ is an aggressive peptic ulcer/tumor that can perforate through the lining

Zollinger-Ellison

________ is found in the ascending colon and produces polyps

Gardener's Syndrome

Match the following Chronic Bronchitis---------------Bronchiolitis Small Airway Disease----------Dead Lung Emphysema-----------------------Blue Bloater Bronchiectasis--------------------Pink Puffer

Chronic Bronchitis---------------Blue Bloater Small Airway Disease----------Bronchiolitis Emphysema-----------------------Pink Puffer Bronchiectasis--------------------Dead Lung

Match the following Glomerulonephritis---------------Proeinuria Pyelonephritis----------------------RBCs in blood Nephrotic Syndrome------------WBC casts in blood

Glomerulonephritis---------------RBCs in blood Pyelonephritis----------------------WBC casts in blood Nephrotic Syndrome------------Proeinuria

________ is the most common association with Urethritis

E. coli

________ is inflammation of the bladder

_____Cystitis

________ is associated with an infection of the GI/GU region in females

PID

________ occurs on the lateral lobe of the prostate and is associated with frequency of urination issues and painful dysuria

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

________ is an inflammation to the prostate gland, often due to gram (-) bacterial infection

Prostatitis

________ is associated with the posterior lobe of the prostate and can lead to blastic metastasis to the pelvis and lumbar spine

Prostate Cancer

________ is associated with an abnormal protrusion of tissue

Inguinal Hernia

________ is associated with inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce a. Balanitis b. Epididymitis c. Orchitis d. Phimosis

a. Balanitis

________ is associated with inflammation of the testicles a. Balanitis b. Epididymitis c. Orchitis d. Phimosis

c. Orchitis

________ is associated with inflammation of the epididymis a. Balanitis b. Epididymitis c. Orchitis d. Phimosis

b. Epididymitis

``` ________ is associated with constriction of the foreskin, to the point that it cannot be retracted epididymis a. Balanitis b. Epididymitis c. Orchitis d. Phimosis ```

d. Phimosis

________ is associated with generalized swelling in the scrotum a. Hematocele b. Hydrocele c. Spermatocele d. Varicocele

b. Hydrocele

________ is associated with blood in the testes a. Hematocele b. Hydrocele c. Spermatocele d. Varicocele

a. Hematocele

________ is associated with varicose veins and a "bag of worms" appearance a. Hematocele b. Hydrocele c. Spermatocele d. Varicocele

d. Varicocele

________ is associated with localized swelling a. Hematocele b. Hydrocele c. Spermatocele d. Varicocele

c. Spermatocele

________ is associated with painful, persistent, abnormal erection a. Cryptorchidism b. Epispadia c. Hypospadia d. Priapism

d. Priapism

________ is associated with undescended testicles and increased association with cancer a. Cryptorchidism b. Epispadia c. Hypospadia d. Priapism

a. Cryptorchidism

________ is associated with urethral defect on the ventral surface of the penis a. Cryptorchidism b. Epispadia c. Hypospadia d. Priapism

c. Hypospadia

________ is associated with urethral defect on the dorsal surface of the penis a. Cryptorchidism b. Epispadia c. Hypospadia d. Priapism

b. Epispadia

________ is associated with dysplasia of cavernous sheaths with fibrosis and results in a crooked penis a. Cryptorchidism b. Peyronie's Disease c. Paraphimosis d. Priapism

b. Peyronie's Disease

________ is associated with "turtle neck" a. Cryptorchidism b. Peyronie's Disease c. Paraphimosis d. Priapism

c. Paraphimosis

________ is secreted during the first half of the cycle to stimulate egg development a. Estrogen b. FSH c. LH d. Progesterone

b. FSH

________ is secreted from the pituitary mid-cycle to cause ovulation a. Estrogen b. FSH c. LH d. Progesterone

c. LH

________ is associated with proliferation during the first half of the cycle a. Estrogen b. FSH c. LH d. Progesterone

a. Estrogen

________ is associated with secretion during the second half of the cycle a. Estrogen b. FSH c. LH d. Progesterone

d. Progesterone

________ is associated with ectopic endometrium and painful menstruation a. Ectopic Pregnancy b. Endometriosis c. Pregnancy d. Salpingitis

b. Endometriosis

________ is associated with infection of fallopian tubes, under 35 years old, IUD presents increased risk, and ectopic pregnancy a. Ectopic Pregnancy b. Endometriosis c. Pregnancy d. Salpingitis

d. Salpingitis

________ is associated with HCG released, chorion and trophoblast a. Ectopic Pregnancy b. Endometriosis c. Pregnancy d. Salpingitis

c. Pregnancy

________ is associated with improper implantation, and rupture that could cause sterilization and/or death a. Ectopic Pregnancy b. Endometriosis c. Pregnancy d. Salpingitis

a. Ectopic Pregnancy

________ is associated with disorganized, benign mass development instead of a fetus a. Breast Cancer b. Hydatidiform Mole c. Choriocarcinoma d. Ovarian Tumor

b. Hydatidiform Mole

________ is associated with disorganized, cancerous mass development instead of a fetus a. Breast Cancer b. Hydatidiform Mole c. Choriocarcinoma d. Ovarian Tumor

c. Choriocarcinoma

________ is associated with increase in hormone secrtions, tumor of the ovaries and can occur in women over 50 years old a. Breast Cancer b. Hydatidiform Mole c. Choriocarcinoma d. Ovarian Tumor

d. Ovarian Tumor

________ is associated with an increase in obesisty, nulliparous, early menarche, and late menopause a. Breast Cancer b. Hydatidiform Mole c. Choriocarcinoma d. Ovarian Tumor

a. Breast Cancer

Match the following Alveoli---------------Microglial cells Brain-----------------Alveolar macrophage Liver------------------Dust cells Lungs----------------Histocytes or fixed macrophages Tissue---------------Kupffer cells

Alveoli---------------Alveolar macrophage Brain-----------------Microglial cells Liver------------------Kupffer cells Lungs----------------Dust cells Tissue---------------Histocytes or fixed macrophages

Match the following IgA-----------------Smallest, most numerous IgG-----------------Allergies and parasites IgE-----------------First response, largest IgM----------------Milk, membranes

IgA-----------------Milk, membranes IgG-----------------Smallest, most numerous IgE-----------------Allergies and parasites IgM----------------First response, largest

``` Match the following Type I-----------------Immune Type I-----------------T-cell-mediated Type III-----------------Antibody mediated Type IV----------------Immediate ```

Type I-----------------Immediate Type I-----------------Antibody mediated Type III-----------------Immune Type IV----------------T-cell-mediated

``` Match the following Type I-----------------Dermatitis Type I-----------------SLE, RA Type III----------------Myasthenia Gravis Type IV---------------Anaphylaxis ```

Type I-----------------Anaphylaxis Type I-----------------Myasthenia Gravis Type III----------------SLE, RA Type IV---------------Dermatitis

``` Match the following Neutrophils-------------30% Lymphocytes-----------2% Monocytes--------------60% Eosinophil---------------0% Basophil------------------8% ```

``` Neutrophils-------------60% Lymphocytes-----------30% Monocytes--------------8% Eosinophil---------------2% Basophil------------------0% ```