Pathology

Question 1

What stimulates Vitamin D?

Answer 1

Endocrine function of UV

Question 2

What is the epidermis mainly made up of?

Answer 2

maturing squamous cells

Question 3

Where are melanocytes found?

Answer 3

DEJ

Question 4

What is the rate of melanocytes to basal cells?

Answer 4

1:10

Question 5

What does the corneal layer consist of?

Answer 5

Keratinised cells

Question 6

What is the granular layer rich in?

Answer 6

Keratohyalin granules

Question 7

Where are the melanocytes found?

Answer 7

basal layer

Question 8

What processes transfer pigment to keratinocytes?

Answer 8

Dendritic processes

Question 9

What types of collagen make up the matrix?

Answer 9

Type 1 and 111

Question 10

What else makes up the dermis?

Answer 10

Elastic fibres and ground substances (hyaluronic acid + chondroitin sulphate)

Question 11

What the papilliary and reticular dermis?

Answer 11

Pap = thin, underneath epidermis
Ret = thicker bundles of type 1 collagen
Ret contains appendage structures (sweatglands anf puilosebaceous)

Question 12

What is epidermis BM made of?

Answer 12

laminin and collagen IV

Question 13

What is papillomatosis?

Answer 13

irregular epithelial thickening

Question 14

What is spongiosis?

Answer 14

oedema in epidermis

Question 15

Parakeratosis?

Answer 15

nuclei in keratin layers stay

Question 16

Hyperkaratosis?

Answer 16

thickening of keratin layer

Question 17

Acanthosis?

Answer 17

Increased epithelial thickening

Question 18

Where does acne effect?

Answer 18

Sebaceous gland sites

Question 19

What makes psoriasis occur?

Answer 19

turnover happening too quick and nuclei in the keratin layer

Question 20

Where is sebum produced?

Answer 20

Sebaceuos glands

Question 21

Keratin and sebum build up to create what?

Answer 21

blackheads

Question 22

what is rosacea?

Answer 22

recurrent facial flushing
visible blood vessels
pustules
thickening of skin -rhinophyma

Question 23

What can trigger Rosacea?

Answer 23

Sunlight. alcohol, spicy foods, stress

Question 24

Whats the pathologyof rosacea?

Answer 24

pathcy inflam wih plasma cells

perifollicular granulomas

Question 25

What do Immunobollous diseases have?

Answer 25

They have blisters as primary features.

Question 26

Give 3 examples of Immunobollous diseases

Answer 26

Pemhigus Bollous pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis

Question 27

Describe Pemphigus

Answer 27

autoimmune disease where there is loss of integrity of epidermal cell adhesion

Question 28

What antibody is related to Pemphigus vulgaris?

Answer 28

IgG made agaisnt desmoglein 3

Question 29

Explain Pemphigus Vulgaris

Answer 29

immune complexes form on cell surface disruption of desmosomes and activation of protease release. results in Acantholysis

Question 30

What also occurs in pemphigus vulgaris?

Answer 30

Lysis of intracellular adhesion sites

Question 31

What antibody is related to Bullous pemphigoid?

Answer 31

IgG react with major/minor antigen of hemidesmosomes anchoring basal cells to basement membrane

Question 32

what happens with older lesion of pemphigoid?

Answer 32

they show re-epithelialisation of their floor, mimicking PV

Question 33

What GI disease has an association with Dermatitis herpetiformis?

Answer 33

Coeliac disease

Question 34

What else is dermatitis herpetiformis associated with?

Answer 34

HLA-DQ2 haplotype

Question 35

What is the hallmark sign if dermatitis herpetiformis?

Answer 35

papillary dermal microabscesses

Question 36

What shows deposits of IgA in dermal papillae?

Answer 36

DIF

Question 37

Where do Melanocytic lesions migrate to?

Answer 37

skin uveal tract leptomeninges

Question 38

What is the MC1R gene?

Answer 38

It is a centrally placed gene which encodes MC1R protein which sits on the cell surface. It determines the pigment oft he skin

Question 39

What does Eumelanin do?

Answer 39

hair colour other than red

Question 40

What does Phaeomelanin do?

Answer 40

causes red hair

Question 41

What does MC1R do?

Answer 41

converts phaeomelanin in eumelanin

Question 42

What happens if a) 1 copy and b) 2 copies of the MC1R genes are defective?

Answer 42

a) causes freckles | b) red hair and freckles

Question 43

What is an ephiles? (ephilides)?

Answer 43

a freckle (freckles)

Question 44

What are Actinic lentigines?

Answer 44

liver spots

Question 45

Explain Melanocytic naevi?

Answer 45

May be congenital or acquired, can be dysplastic, spitz, blue etc.