Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Abs MSK CORTEXT - science/paeds/trauma > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the most common benign bone tumour

A

osteochondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an osteochondroma

A

bony outgrowth on external surface with a cartilaginous cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the risk of malignant transformation with osteochondroma

A

very small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an enchondroma

A

intramedullary an usually metaphyseal cartilaginous tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes an enchondroma

A

failure of normal enchondral ossification at the growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

features of enchondroma

A

lesion usually lucent but can have a pathcy sclerotic appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

common locations for enchondroma

A

femur, humerus, tibia, small bones of hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a simple bone cyst

A

single cavity benign fluid filled cyst in a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes a simple bone cyst

A

growth defect from the physis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

consequence of simple bone cyst

A

can cause weakness leading to pathological fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an aneurysmal bone cyst

A

contains lots of chambers which are filled with blood or serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes an aneurysmal bone cyst

A

small arteriovenous malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

consequence of aneurysmal bone cyst

A

locally aggressive causing cortical expansion and destruction which is usually painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

features of giant cell tumour

A

locally aggressive, predilection for metaphyseal region, tend to involve the epiphysis and can extend into subchondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most common place for giant cell tumour

A

around knee and in distal radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

consequences of giant cell tumour

A

occur after physis has fused and are locally destructive, destroying the cortex
painful and may cause pathological fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

appearance of giant cell tumour on X-ray

A

soap bubble appearance on Xray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does fibrous dysplasia happen

A

adolescence where a genetic mutation results in lesions of fibrous tissue and immature bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is affected bone like in fibrous dysplasia

A

bone is wider with thinned cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

consequences of fibrous dysplasia

A

stress fractures can occur

excessive involvement of the proximal femur can lead to a shepherds crook deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is an osteoid osteoma

A

small nidus of immature bone surrounded by an intense sclerotic halo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

most common age for osteoid osteoma to occur

A

adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

common sites for osteoid osteoma

A

proximal femur, diaphysis of long bones and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

clinical features of osteoid osteoma

A

intense constant pain, worse at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what two other conditions may also present with lytic lesions of bone
Brodie's abscess - subacute osteomyelitis | Brown's tumour - hyperparathyroidism
26
benign bone tumours
``` osteochondroma enchondroma simple bone cyst aneurysmal bone cyst giant cell tumour fibrous dysplasia osteoid osteoma ```
27
signs of malignant primary bone tumour on Xray
aggressive and destructive - cortical destruction - periosteal reaction - new bone formation - extension into surrounding soft tissue envelope
28
most common malignant primary bone tumour
osteosarcoma
29
most common place for osteosarcoma
bones around knee (60%)
30
metastatic spread of osteosarcoma
usually haematogenous, can be lymphatic
31
what do some people also have at diagnosis of osteosarcoma?
10% also have pulmonary mets
32
what is a chondrosarcoma
cartilage producing primary bone tumour
33
in what age group does osteosarcoma tend to occur
younger
34
in what age group does chondrosarcoma tend to occur
older
35
common location for chondrosarcoma
pelvis or proximal femur
36
treatment osteosarcoma
adjuvant chemo can prolong survival
37
treatment chondrosarcoma
not radiosensitive and unresponsive to adjuvant chemo
38
fibrous malignant primary bone tumours
fibrosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma
39
where do fibrous malignant primary bone tumours tend to occur
abnormal bone
40
who is affected by fibrosarcoma
adolescents
41
what is Ewings sarcoma
malignant tumour of primitive cells in the marrow
42
what is the second most prevalent primary bone tumour
Ewings sarcoma
43
prognosis in Ewings sarcoma
poorest of all malignant primary bone tumours
44
age group for Ewings
10-20
45
associated symptoms of Ewings
fever raised inflammatory markers warm swelling
46
what may Ewings may be misdiagnosed as
osteomyelitis
47
treatment of Ewings sarcoma
radio and chemo sensitive
48
staging investigations
bone scan and CT chest
49
investigations to determine local extent, and involvement of muscles nerves and vessels
MRI and CT
50
investigations for diagnosis and grading prior to surgery
biopsy
51
which cancers commonly metastasise to bone
``` breast prostate lung renal cell thyroid ```
52
features of breast mets
blastic or lytic | 24-26m survival
53
features of prostate mets
sclerotic | 45% survival 1yr
54
features of lung mets
lytic | 6m survival
55
features of renal cell mets
large and vascular lytic which bleed tremendously | 12-18m survival
56
what is lymphoma
cancer of round cells of lymphocytic system
57
common location for primary lymphoma
pelvis or femur
58
treatment for lymphoma
surgical resection
59
metastatic lymphoma survival
60
what is myeloma
malignant B cell proliferation
61
features of myeloma
arises from marrow and can present as a solitary lesion or with multiple osteolytic lesions throughout skeleton
62
typical age group of myeloma
45-65
63
clinical symptoms of myeloma
weakness, back pain, bone pain, weight loss, fatigue, anaemia, recurrent infection
64
diagnosis of myeloma
plasma protein electrophoresis
65
5yr survival myeloma
66
features suggestive of benign soft tissue tumour
``` smaller fluctuation in size cystic well-defined fluid filled soft/fatty lesions ```
67
features suggestive of neoplasms
``` larger rapid growth solid ill-defined irregular surface associated lymphadenopathy systemic upset ```
68
what is a lipoma
neoplastic proliferation of fat | most common benign soft tissue tumour
69
malignant soft tissue tumours
``` Angiosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Liposarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Synovial sarcoma ```
70
what is osteochondritis
recurrent impact or traction causes bleeding and oedema within the bone, resulting in capillary compression bone necrosis ensues tends to occur in children and young adults
71
what is avascular necrosis
ischaemic necrosis of bone predominantly in adults | can be secondary to fractures

Abs MSK CORTEXT - science/paeds/trauma (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions