Pathology Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Degeneration:Calcification
A
Metastatic = Ca++intonormal tissueHypervitaminosis DDystrophic = Ca++ intoabnormal/damagedtissueAtherosclerosis, atheroma
2
Q
Degeneration:Caseous
A
cheesytuberculosis
3
Q
Types of DegenerationAlbuminous
A
cloudy swellingmembrane injury, ion transfer fucked
4
Q
Degeneration:Coagulation
A
Infarction (MI)
5
Q
Degeneration:Enzymatic
A
Pancreas(digests itself inside-out)
6
Q
Degeneration:Fatty
A
Liver =”nutmeg liver” (reversible if caught early)Heart = “tabby cat heart” (stripes)fatty dot→ fatty streak→ fatty plaque (atheroma)→ fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium)
7
Q
Degeneration:Liquefactive
A
CNSbrain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosyor skininfection
8
Q
Degeneration:Wallerian
A
peripheral nervesdegenerates to next Node of Ranvier”dying back phenomenon”
9
Q
Degeneration:Zenker’s (Waxy)
A
hyaline cartilagemost common in skeletal muscle (at epiphyseal plates)muscle replaced with hyaline cartilage
10
Q
Cellular Degeneration
A
Karyolysis:nuclearrupturing/fading/destructionKaryorrhexis:nuclear swellingPyknosis:nuclear condensationAll the above = “nuclear dissolution”leads to ananuclear necrotic cell
11
Q
Developmental Changes
A
Agenesis: absence of organ (usually paired organs; renal, testicular.. odontoid)Aplasia: small remnants of the organ, lack of developmentHypoplasia: smaller than normal, usually defective
12
Q
Primary PathologyvsSecondary Pathology
A
Primary
* arrives spontaneously organ in question is fucked up
Secondary
* usually insidious
* resultant from other trauma/pathology organ in question is malfunctioning, due to some other organ not working properly
13
Q
Growth DisturbancesCancer
A
Metaplasia: functional change fromone cell type to anotherDysplasia:change in size/shape/fx,precancerous, but last stage that can be returned to normalAnaplasia:complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)squamous cell carcinoma
14
Q
Collagen Types
A
Type 1bone, muscle, tendons, ligamentsType 2disc (specifically nucleus pulposis)Type 3”reticular collagen”, spleen and lymph nodesearly wound healingType 4basement membrane of all tissues
15
Q
PneumoconiosisSilicosis
A
silica from sand, rock, glassRocky QUarry disease
16
Q
PneumoconiosisAsbestosis
A
asbestosleads to mesotheliomamalignant tumorNaval shipyard
17
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Siderosis
A
Iron dust particlesIron Ore Mill/Steel Mill occupants
18
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Byssinosis
A
cotton dustBrown Lung
19
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Anthracosis
A
Black Lung Disease from minersCaplan’s Syndrome(anthracosis + RA)W.Virginia coal mines
20
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis
A
Endemic fungusMississippi/Ohio Valleys”Mississippi Valley Fever”“Ohio Valley Fever”
21
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Coccidiomycosis
A
Endemic fungus in deserts of SW USA”San Joaquin Valley Fever”(just Valley Fever in other states)
22
Q
Pneumoconiosis:Blastomycosis
A
Endemic fungus on Eastern seaboardFlorida to Nova Scotia
23
Q
Asthma
A
Sputum analysis:Curschmann’s Spirals&Charcot-Leyden Crystals↑IgE,↑Eosinophils(↑IgE:wheezes, sneezes and weird ass diseases)
24
Q
Cystic Fibrosis
A
Chloride channels affected “sweat test”
- mother notices, tastes salt =Salty Baby Syndrome Affects: GI mucous linings respiratory mucous linings exocrine secretions
- Susceptible to pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently requires lung transplants
25
Hemosiderosis
iron in lungs due to bleedingrib fracturepulmonary embolism (?)stab/gunshot wound
26
Pulmonary Fibrosis
honeycomb lung
27
Tuberculosis
caseous necrosis in lungGohn complex, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytesIf spread to spine = "Pott's Disease"(with fracture or collapse of VB = Gibbus deformity)
28
Wegner's Granulomatosis
Vasculitis of lung and kidney arteriesany system can be affected (polyangitis)
29
Emphysema
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency = loss of elasticitycan't breathe out
30
Azotemia
decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen↑nitrogen in the blood
31
Hydronephrosis
most commonly caused by prostate problems/ureter stones
32
Kidney Stones
"Nephrolithiasis"acute nephritic shock:mc stone: calcium oxalate/ Ca++ uratepain pattern: constant LBP, radiates to flanklocalized groin pain = stone in ureterspainful voiding, pink urineDx: Murphy's Punch
33
Nephritic Syndrome
RBCs and minor amount of protein in urine(hematuria, mild proteinuria)acute glomerulonephritis
34
Nephrotic Syndrome
"Pre-eclampsia""HEP": Hypertension / Edema / massive Proteinuria EclampsiaHEP + seizure/convulsions+ coma(potentially fatal)
35
Polycystic Kidney
multiple cysts on kidneysmoth-eaten appearanceidiopathic
36
Renal Shock
acute tubular necrosis
37
Wilm's Disease
"nephroblastoma" mixed (palpable) tumor of kidney in children (if kids experience LBP = no bueno)*mc malignant tumor found in kids
38
Addison's Disease
↓cortisol, ↓BPhypoadrenia/adrenal fatigue inadequate cortisol levels = ↑↑ACTH to stimulate cortisol release↑↑ACTH leads to ↑MSH↑Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone = hyperpigmentationfatigue
39
Cushing's Disease
↑cortisol (z. fasciculata)hyperadreniamoon faces, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesityhypertension, water retention (opposite of Addison's Disease)
40
Conn's Disease
↑↑Aldosterone (z. glomerulosa)↑↑ADH = water retentionhypertension
41
Goiter
hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine
42
Grave's Disease
Hyperthyroidismexopthalmosesheat intoleranceweight lossrapid HRweight loss T3/T4 fiddles with thermostat, turns ↑ = ↑HR, ↑BP, hot
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Hashimoto's
Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism
44
Myxedema
HypothyroidismCretinism in childcold intoleranceweight gainslow HR/bradycardialoss of lateral 1/3 eyebrowsslow mental faculties (memory, common sense)
45
Cryptorchism
undescended testescan cause testicular cancer
46
Endometriosis
mc site: ovary(endometrial cells should only be in uterus or outside body)
47
Epispadias/Hypospadias
Epispadias: urethra exits dorsal surface of penisHypospadias: urethra exits ventral surface of penis extreme cases lead to chordee= sharp angulation of penis
48
↑HCG
* pregnancy hydatidiform mole
* non-viable embryo that has implanted
* "cancer-like"
49
Leiomyoma
tumor of smooth musclefibroids in the uterus(may disappear at menopause)
50
Polycystic Ovarian DiseasePCOS
anovulationobesityhirsutism(excess hair on body and face)
51
Seminoma
cancer of testes (mc form)mesenchymal/stem cells
52
Congenital Syphilis
born to mother with syphilis
Hutchinson's teeth = notched upper incisors
Rhagades = cracks at edge of mouth
Saddle nose deformity = bridge flattened Sabre Blade Tibia
Interstitial keratitis = produces visual changes, sometimes at tympanic membrane
53
Acquired Syphilis
Treponema PallidumPrimaryHard, painless chancre on perineum Secondarymaculopapular rash and condylomata lataLatencymay or may not have symptomsTertiarytabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gummas in CNS,Argyll Robertson Pupil/ "prostitute's pupil"accomodates, but doesnt respond)
54
Pupils
Argyll Robertson Pupildoes not react to light, but constricts upon accomodationAdie's Pupiltonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to CNIII Edinger-Westphal nucleusMiosistonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia
55
Changroid
soft, painful chancreHaemophilus ducreyi infection(G- coccobacillus)
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Gardnerella vaginalis
bacterial vaginosissimilar to Trichimonas, except bacterial
57
Gonorrhea
Gram (-) diplococcusmcc PID/Pelvic Inflammatory Diseasemcc salpingitis (fallopian tube infection)burning urinationyellow/green pus in urinemay produce arthritis (mc DJD in knee)coffee bean shaped
58
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydiarectal strictures (elasticity loss)Dx: Frei Test
59
Trichimonas Clamydia
Purulent vaginal discharge(green/yellow, frothy, foul, fish-like)Protozoanvaginosis
60
Achalasia
spasm of lower esophageal sphinctercauses megaesophagus (expansion) of upper esophaguslack of motility(due to absence of myenteric plexus)
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Barrett's esophagus
metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cellscaused by GERD
62
Budd-Chiari
occlusion of hepatic veinsTriadabdominal pain / ascites / hepatomegalyAcuterapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ↑liver enzymes, eventual encephalopathy/shock
63
Celiac Diseaseaka "non-tropical sprue"
gluten intolerance/enteropathyloss of villi = loss of absorptionintestinal lining flattened & hole-punchedGF diet
64
Cholecystitis
gallbladder inflammation#1 cause of gallstones
65
Cholelithiasis
gallstonesmcc by cholecystitis
66
Chron's Disease"regional ileitis", "distal ileitis", "regional enteritis"
seen in young peopledistal small intestine (ileum), cecum, ascending colon(R-sided problem)skip-lesions = "cobblestone" appearanceNO bloody diarrheaautoimmuneleads to dehydration bc most water absorbed in small intestine
67
Diverticula
outpouching in the intestineusually lower L quadrant(sigmoid and descending)
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Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
69
Enteritis
bowel inflammation due to improper sanitationmcc of death of children worldwidedue to dehydration from diarrhea
70
Hemorrhoids
Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleedingmcc of frank red blood in stool frank blood = bright redmelena = upper GI bleed- - dark, digested blood
71
Hirschprung's Disease
Congenital megacolonabsence of myenteric plexus= parasympathetic motor plexus *Meissner's plexus is chemosensitive
72
Intussusception
telescoping (collapsing) of intestine onto itself
73
Irritable Bowel SyndromeIBS
stress relatedspastic colondistentionpaindiarrhea
74
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Hematemesis (vomitting blood)due to alcoholismdistention of esophageal veins → bleed into stomach"Mallory Weiss tears"= distal esophageal/proximal stomach lacerations
75
Meckel's Diverticulum
outpouching of distal ileum(R side: iliocecal/distal ileum)
76
Peutz Jegher's Syndrome
Polyposis, characterized by polypz in the entire GI tractbeningn
77
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
iron deficiency anemiacheilosisesophageal webbing(partial esophageal occlusion)glossitis
78
Pyloric stenosis
Infant projectile vomittingnewborns
79
Sliding hiatal hernia
anatomically shortened esophagustoo short
80
Steatosis
fat in stoolproblem with gallbladder Guacamole rampage = steatosis
81
Ulcerative Colitis*"Toxic Megacolon"
pathological intestingal changesulcersbloody diarrheaaffects L abdomen(descending colon, sigmoid colon)"lead pipe rigidity"starts at colon, moves distally
82
Volvulus
twisting of an organ around its long axis
83
Zenker's Diverticulum
outpouching of esophagus/pharynx
84
Diabetes Insipidus
↓ADHdue to PP problemdehydration
85
Diabetes Mellitus
↓insulin production by β-cells of pancreas(Islets of Langerhaans)1st seen in eyesmc die from heart disease or renal failurepolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
86
Hemochromatosis
iron in organs and skin"bronze diabetes" *iron absorption requires vitamin C
87
Kwashiorkor
protein malnutritionsevere edema
88
Marasmus
calorie malnutrition, includes proteinwasting away
89
Wilson's Disease
inborn error of copper metabolismKayser-Fleisher Rings = copper deposits in eyeHepatolenticular degeneration
90
ALSAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"Lou Gherig's Disease"
anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affectedcomplete motor lossno sensory lossLMN in upper extremitiesUMN in lower extremitiesprogressive disease
91
Alzheimer's
severe atrophy of cerebral cortexprogressive↓ACh#1 cause of dementia50-60+ years old
92
Arnold Chiari
Type 1cerebellar tonsils herniate (specifically vermis)Type 2[Type1] + meningiomyelocele in lumbar spine*can get syrinx because of hydrocephalus - Rexed Lamina 10brain matter outside brain
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Brain TumorsAstrocytoma
Types I and IImc CNS tumorbest prognosis
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Brain Tumors: Glioma
mc CNS tumor
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Brain Tumors:Glioblastoma multiform
worst prognosisaffects cerebrum
96
Brain Tumors:Medulloblastoma
mc seen in cerebellar vermis in childrenmc cerebellar tumor
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Brain Tumors:Oligodendroglioma
slowest growingaffects cerebrum
98
Brain Tumors:Schwannoma
CN VIII Acoustic neuromaonion bulb tumormcc of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
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Brain Tumors
mc brain tumor = Astrocytomamc cns tumor = Gliomaworst prognosis = Glioblastoma Multiformmc cerebellum tumor = Medulloblastomaslowest/cerebrum = OligodendrogliomaCN VIII/acoustic neuroma = Schwannoma
100
Friedreich's Ataxia
lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar* tract(neurofibrillary tangles)chromosome 9 *spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception
101
Guillan-Barre Syndrome*"post-infectious polyradiculopathy"
mc seen after recent flu or vaccinationPNS demyelinationareflexia and ascending paralysisreaches diaphragm = fatal
102
Horner's Syndrome
interruption of cervical sympathetics(trauma, pancoast tumor*)S/Sx: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis *pancoast tumor @ lung apices, disrupts cervical sympathetic ganglia
103
Leprosy"Hansen's Disease"
liquefactive necrosisskin damagesensory nerve destruction(early sign = feels no pain)
104
Multiple Sclerosis
CNS demyelinizationand plaquing of spinal cord or brainCharcot's Triad (SIN)scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmusdistal mms affectedvisual disturbancesCorticospinal tracts* affected
105
Myasthenia Gravis
formation of antibodies against ACh receptors@ myoneural junctionThymoma: thymus enlargmentprogressive weakness and fatigueStarts in ocular muscles, worse at end of daydiplopia: dbl visiontight, sore mms in jaw and handsautoimmuneCorticospinal tracts affected
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Neurofibromatosis"Von Recklinghausen's Disease"
Café au Lait spots"coast of California" appearance
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Onion Bulb Tumor
Schwann cell tumor
108
Parkinson's Disease"Paralysis Agitans"
↓dopamine in basal gangliadifficulty starting/stopping motioninability to move + tremor = "cogwheel rigidity"Inclusions: Lewy Bodiesmasked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor,shuffling/propulsive gaitSubstantia nigra of mesencephalonaffected
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PLSPosterolateral Sclerosis"Combined Systems Disease"
Longstanding B12 deficiency* (Pernicious Anemia) → PLS Dorsal columns and corticospinal tract affected *lack of intrinsic factor
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Poliomyelitis
Affects brainstem, then CNs, possibly breathing apparatusIf affects anterior horn = produces LMNL (Polio transmission = oral/fecal)
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Syringomyelia
cystlike formation from central canal of scleads to loss of pain/temperature, bilaterally+ signs of UMNL in upper ext"cape-like" distribution of pins and needles sensation(shoulders, arms, back)Caused by syrinx (central dilation of sc)
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Wernicke-Korsakoff
Alcoholic psychosis with dementiaThiamine (B1) depletiondue to severe alcoholism over timeDestroys: Wernicke's area @ angular gyrus, temporal lobe
113
Tumors, Cancers, CystsBenign vs Malignant
```
Benign
* slow-growing
* encapsulated
* non-destructive
* asymptomatic, usually
* short zone of transition
* easily removed
"-oma" (usually)
```
Malignant
* non-encapsulated
* long zone of transition
* periosteal reactions if in bone
* deep, boring night pain
* weight loss
* fevers, night sweats metastases
* automatically worst grade
* mcc bone cancer "-carcinoma" "-sarcoma"
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Aneurysmal Bone Cyst"ABC"
benignmetaphyseal/diaphyseal(without crossing growth plate)eccentric: not at center of bone"Blister of Bone"blisters, bubbles
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Brown's Tumor*
"tumor-like" radiolucency loss of bone densityfrom hyperparathyroidism (↑PTH)
116
Chordoma
cancer mc seen in sacrum(notochord remnants) crosses jts
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Ewing Sarcoma
multi-laminated periosteal reaction(onion-skin appearance) cortical saucerizationChildren 10-25 (?)moth-eaten appearance in medullamimics osteomyelitis
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Multiple Myeloma"Plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma"
mc primary bone malignancy in adultsamyloid buildupinclusion bodies: Russell bodiesxray: "punched-out" lesions, raindrop skull
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Osteosarcoma
most common primary bone cancer in children (10-30)
120
Simple/Unicameral bone cyst
"SBC" or "UBC"benignmetaphyseal/diaphysealconcentric"fallen fragment sign"Age found in long bones
121
Adenoma
tumor of glandular tissue
122
Cachexia
wasting away
123
Carcinoma in situ
cancer that has not invaded basement membrane"in stasis", no metastases
124
Chondroblastoma
benign bone tumorage epiphyseal/metaphyseal(mostly cartilagenous tissue)
125
Chondroma
benign tumor of cartilagemost commonly within feet/hands
126
Cryptorchidism
absence of one or both testes in scrotum(failure to descend)can cause testicular cancer
127
Enchondroma
benign hand tumorstippled calcification2+ = "multiple enchondromatosis"enchondromatosis + soft tissue swelling + bone deformity= Maffuci's Syndrome
128
Fibroma
myxomatous tissuespindled, polyhedral cellsmultiple nuclei
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Fibrous dysplasia
benign tumorground glass appearancecafé au lait patches"Coast of Maine" appearancein early puberty = Albright's Diseaserind sign
130
Giant Cell Tumor
tumor of osteoclastsosteoclastomamc in kneequasi-malignantepiphyseal/metaphysealages 20-40
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Histiocytosis X
"Hans-Schüller-Christian disease""histocytic granuloma""eosinophilic granuloma"lipid accumulation → vertebral plana ("pancake vertebrae")discs preserved
132
Krukenberg's
cancer of stomachmetastasizes to ovariessignet ring cell tumorform of adenocarcinoma
133
Leukoplakia
white patch on oral mucosa from tobaccocannot be wiped offprecancerous
134
Lung Cancers
AdenocarcinomaOat cell/Small cellSquamous cellcan get lung cancer from arsenic poisoning(arsenic in treated wood)metastasis from lung most commonly goes to the brain
135
Lung CancersAdenocarcinoma
mc with non-smokersbest prognosis
136
Lung CancersOat Cell/Small Cell
worst prognosis
137
Lung CancersSquamous Cell
most common in smokers
138
Neurofibromatosis
"Von Recklinghausen's Dz"Café au Lait patches"Coast of California" appearacnce
139
Osteoid Osteoma
pain worse at nightrelived by aspirinages 15-25radiolucent nidusw/reactive sclerosis
140
Osteoma
mc benign tumor of the skullmc in frontal sinus (frontal bone)
141
Osteomyelitis
Chronic = Brodie's Abcess sequestrum involucrum cloaca dead bone newly-formed bone drainagemcc staph aureus
142
Pheochromocytoma
neuroblastomabenign tumor of adrenal medullaepisodic hypertension
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Stomach Cancer
mc in lesser curvature"leather bottle" stomach= adenocarcinoma
144
Virchow's Nodes
enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes (L)due to metastasisusually GI tractusually L sidesupraclavicular lymph nodes
145
Chemotaxis
movement of WBCs along concentration gradientof tissue-damage byproducts
146
Pavementing/Margination
WBCs lining damaged vesselsadhesion of leukocytes to endothelium
147
DiapedesisAKA Leukocyte extravasation
neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through walls of blood vessels towards site of damaged tissue or infection
148
Clot Formation
fibrinogen → via THROMBOPLASTIN → fibrinrequires Vit K and Calcium in cascade
149
Exudate
fluid and [high protein}= damaged capillary wall
150
Transudate
fluid and [low protein}= normal capillary wall
151
5 Stages of Inflammation
injury
vasoconstriction
vasodilation (via histamine and bradykinin)
swelling/edema (chemotaxis → diapedesis)
healing mast cells make heparin and serotonin, triggers myofibroblasts to constrick and make type 3 collagen for early wound healing. scar = fibrin
152
Bradykinin/Histamine
vasodilation↑ inflammation
153
LeukotrienesProstaglandinsSubstance P
inflammation pathway↑ inflammation
154
EnkephalinsEndorphins
pain control "personal morphine"↓ inflammation
155
NSAIDs
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory DrugsCycloxygenase (COX) inhibitor↓ inflammation
156
Steroids
phospholipase A2 inhibitorprednisone↓inflammation
157
Basophils
become mast cellsmake histamine, bradykinin, srotonin, heparin
158
B-lymphocytes
transform into plasma cellsmake antibodies
159
Granulocytes
"BEN"BasophilsEosinophilsNeutrophils
160
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
161
Macrophage
Monocyte at tissue levelKupffer cells = liverDust cells = lungMicroglia = brainLangerhaan = skin
162
Natural Killer Cells
"MEN"MonocytesEosinophilsNeutrophils
163
T-Lymphocytes
T-Helper Cells (CD4) activate B-cells mature in thymus
T-Killer Cells (CD8) cytotoxic destroys cancer, kills foreign agents transplant rejections mature in thymus
T-Suppresor Cells T-Regulatory cells ↓ immune system slows antibody production mature in thymus
164
Neutrophils
60%increase in acute bacterial infectionsand acute inflammation
165
Lymphocytes
30%increase in viral conditionsand chronic inflammation
166
Monocytes
5-8%chronic conditionschange into phagocytes at tissue level
167
Eosinophils
2-4%increase in parasites and allergies
168
Basophils
0-0.5%like mast cellsproduce heparin and histamine↑ in conditions that cause histamine release
169
Immune Complex(Acquired Immunity)
Antigen↓Macrophage↓CD4↓productes lymphokines↓stimulates b-lymphocytes↓converts plasma cells↓produce antibodies
170
Natural Immunity
Involves:Natural Killer CellsMast CellsBasophilsMacrophages
171
Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia
blood cell disorder↓Bcells and ↓IgGmc primary immunodeficiency at birthX-linked
172
DiGeorge's Syndrome
hypoplasia of thymus ↓primary T-cell deficiency at birth(all T-cells)
173
Hodgkin's
Pel Epstein feverBiopsy: Reed Sternberg Cellsenlarged lymph nodeshepatosplenomegaly
174
Multiple Myeloma
Leukemia of bone marrowaffects plasma cellsAge 50+example of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
175
Severe combined immune deficiency
Newborn w/o proper B or T cellsbone marrow problemin adult, mc due to aplastic anemiabenzene poisoning
176
Coagulation
Injury → thromboplastin release (needs vitamin K) thromboplastin triggers production of prothrombin in liver prothrombin (w VitK & Ca) converts to thrombin (II)
fibrinogen (using thrombin) converts to fibrin (clot) - positive feedback/"feed forward" more thrombin produced = more fibrin produced clot breakdown: fibrolysin & plasmin dissolve clot
177
Hemophilia A
CF VIII deficiency"a" / "eight"Von Willebrand Diseasedecrease in platelet adhesion
178
Hemophilia B
CF IX deficiencyChristmas Factor DiseaseX-chromosomefemales = carrier, males = disease
179
Hemophlia C
CF XI deficiencymild hemophilia
180
Clotting Factors
```
X = Stuart Prower Factor
XII = Hageman Factor
```
181
Aplastic Anemia
↓RBCs, ↓WBCs in bloodcaused by benzene poisoningassociated with bone marrow degeneration
182
Iron Deficiency Anemia
↓RBC productionnutritionalmcc by chronic blood lossmensesmicrocytic, hypochromic
183
Pernicious Anemia
↓RBC productionnutritionallack of intrinsic factorgastritis can be a cause
184
Folic Acid Anemia
↓RBC productionnutritionalduring pregnancyB9 deficientmegaloblastic anemialeads to spina bifida occulta
185
B12 Anemia
↓RBC productionnutritionalseen in vegetariansmacrocytic, hypochromic
186
Anemias caused bybone marrow suppression
toxins (benzene → aplastic anemia)chemotherapy
187
Anemia fromchronic blood loss
↓iron microcytic, hypochromic Fe+ is the only "red" thing in the body
188
Anemia from Hemorrhage
normochromic, normocytic
189
Anemia fromHemolytic breakdown
due to sickle cell or malaria
190
Thalassemia Major"Cooley's Anemia""Homozygous Beta Thalassemai""Mediterranean anemia"
body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobinchild inherits 2 mutated genes, one from each parent"hair on end" appearance on skull xraygenetic
191
Anemia fromErythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh ( - ) mothermother is "negative" with worry( Rh ( + ) father )Rh ( + ) babyType II HypersensitivitycytotoxicOnly relevant in 2nd pregnancyDeveloped in first pregnancy - attack in second
192
Pancytopenia
↓RBC↓WBC↓platelets
193
Polycythemia
↑RBCs1° polycythemia = Polycythemia Rubra Vera(pathological)2° polycythemia = relative polycythemia(normal response to high altitudes)
194
Thrombocytopenia
↓platelets in the blood
195
Berry Aneurysm
localized dilation of an arteryBerry in the Circle of Willis= subarachnoid hemorrhage
196
Dissecting Aneurysm
localized dilation of an arterylongitudinal tearing away of the aorta"tearing pain"
197
Abdominal Aortic Aneurism"AAA"
localized dilation of aortasudden LBPhypovolemic shockthready pulse"curvilinear calcification""fusiform shape"
198
Atherosclerosis
fatty plaque deposition(atheroma)form of arteriosclerosislipid deposits in intima oflarge and medium sized arteriesnarrowing of lumen
199
Buerger's Disease"Thromboangitis Obliterans"
lower extermitymales w history of smokingintermittent claudication= cramping upon exertion
200
Cardiac Tamponade
fluid to pericardial spaceprevents proper ventricular fillingemergency room!
201
Monkeberg's Sclerosis
tunica media of medium sized arteriescalcifiedsmokers and diabetics
202
Prinzmetal's Angina
coronary artery vasospasm
203
Raynaud's Syndrome
arterial vasospasmmay be 1° or 2° to other collagen diseases like lupushands and feettriphasic color change:WHITE → BLUE → REDtriggered by cold or emotioncan lead to dry gangrenetypically upper extremity in female smokers
204
Rhabdomyoma
tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle
205
Sickle Cell Anemia
half-moon shaped RBCs"H-shaped vertebra"homozygous sickle cell allele
206
Temporal Arteritis"giant cell arteritis"
temporal arteriesassoc. w long-standing hypertensionaffects opthalmic arterycan lead to blindness
207
Tetralogy of Fallot"DRIP"
D extrorotation of aorta"dextroposition" R ight ventricular hypertrophyI nterventricular septal defectP ulmonic Stenosis
208
Valvular lesions
tooth extractions(Strep infection causing Aschoff bodies from rheumatic fever)mitral valve affected(Syphilis affects aortic valveStrep affects mitral valve)
209
Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaALL
mc in children "ALL the little children"
210
Acute Myeloblastic AnemiaAML
any agemc acute leukemia in adults(85% of cases)worst prognosis
211
Chronic Lymphoblastic LeukemiaCLL
mc chronic leukemia in adultschronic leukemia "Cranky Late Lifers"
212
Chronic Myelocytic LeukemiaCML
young adulthood (30-40)↑granulocytes"Philadelphia chromosome"(#22)
213
Alkaptonuria
homogentistic acid accumulationblack/blue deposits in cartilage, ears, nose, cheekscauses onchronosis(IVD calcification)black urinecan have ↑tyrosine(Homogentistic acid is intermediate in phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism)
214
Charcot Marie Tooth
hereditaryprogressive peroneal muscle atrophytibialis anteriorseen in swing of gait
215
Huntington's Chorea
hereditary onset age 30-50basal ganglion affected(atrophy of caudate)↓GABAdementia, death
216
Marfan's Syndrome
arachnodactylyspider-like fingerslens dislocationdissecting aortic aneurysmstall, thin stature
217
Phenylketonuria
phenylalanine → X → tyrosinedue to phenylalanine hydroxylaseretardationpossibly managed if caught early:phenylalanine-free diet for life
218
Cri du Chat Syndrome
piece of chromosome 5 missing"CHS #5 aberration"Cat's crycharacteristic cry of newbornusually disappears by age 1-2
219
Neimann Pick's
lipodystrophysphingomyelinase deficiency= ↑sphingomyelin
220
Tay Sach's
lipodystrophy↑gangliosides in braincherry red spots on maculainfant deathmc in Ashkenasi Jews
221
Duchene's Muscular dystrophy
boys age 3-7pseudohypertrophy of calvesmuscle replaced with fatrecessive, x-linkedwaddling gaitproximal muscles affected
222
Myotonic dystrophy
can't relax musclescataracts, insulin resistance
223
Kleinfelter's
47XXY karyotypetall malelow IQtesticular atrophygynecomastiasterile
224
Turner's
45X0 karyotypefemaleshortwebbed neckamenorrhealacks female 2° characteristics
225
Myositis Ossificans
calcium or bone within muscled/t traumamc in quads or bicepsif adductors = "Prussian's Disease"example of metaplasia
226
Paget's"Osteitis Deformans"
Case Hx: men over 50, increased hat size, bone deformity or enlargement, cortical thickening4 Radiology phases: lytic → mixed → blastic → malignant degenerationosteoclastic combined osteoblastic osteosarcomaLab:↑alkaline phosphatase, ↑urinary hydroxyprolinenormal calcium and phosphoruspathological cell = osteoclastic cell
227
Scleroderma"Progressive Systemic Sclerosis"
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CREST Signs:
Calcinosis Cutis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal problems Sclerodactyly
Telangectasis = dilation of superficial blood vessels
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sero(+) for RAresorption of distal tufts (acrosteolysis)
228
Acid Phosphatase
elevated in prostate cancerw ruptured the prostate capsule
229
Alkaline phosphatase
elevated in liver and bone conditions
230
Brown's Atrophy
lipofuscin buildup in organs"lipofuscin granules are old age pigments"
231
Mineral Deficiencies
#1 in United StatesCalcium deficiency #1 WorldwideIron deficiency
232
Caplan's Syndrome
arthritiscoal miners lung w RA nodules
233
Felty's Syndrome
chronic rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly
234
Gonococcal Arthritis
usually affects the knee Gonorhhea - mcc PID in females
235
Gouty Arthritis(metabolic arthritis)
Uric acid in bloodtophi = crystal deposits in tissueif in big toe = "podagra"monoarticularMCC: high purine diet red wine, red meat, aged cheesesdestroys from outside-in"juxtarticular erosions""overhanging edge sign"
236
OsteoarthritisOA or DJD
unilateral distributionin weight-bearing jointssubchondral sclerosis, osteophytesHeberden's Nodes (DIP)Bouchard's Nodes (PIP)mc location = hip, then kneemc arthritis
237
Psoriatic ArthritisPA
seronegative arthritideHLAB27+periarticular erosionsmouse ear erosionssilver scales, pitted nails
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Rheumatoid ArthritisRA
inflammatorybilateral, symmetrical distributionulnar deviation of wristankylosing of spinepannus formationhypertrophy of synovium of jointHaygarth's Nodes (MCP)Bouchard's Nodes (PIP)(never hits DIP joints) *( + ) RA factorBoutonniere or Swan Neck deformitiestransverse ligament instability
239
Seronegative Arthritis
"PEAR"PsoriaticEnteropathic arthropathyAnkylosing SpondylitisReiter's Syndrome
240
Seropositive Arthritis
"RSSS"Rheumatoid ArthritisSjogren's SclerodermaSystemic Lupus Erythematosus
241
Sjogren's
xeropthalmiadry eyesxerostomiadry mouthseropositivefor RA latex"Sjogren's in the desert"
242
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
photosensitivitybutterfly rash ("malar rash")autoimmuneantibodies against DNAmost damaged organ: kidneyANA/FANA Test
243
Legg Calve Perthes Disease"Perthes Disease"
AVN of head of femurin child
244
Avascular Necroses
"osteonecrosis" = death of bone due to lack of bloodAVN of lunate = Keinbock's "kind hands, cold feet"AVN of tarsal navicular = Kohler'sAVN of head of femur in child = Legg Calve PerthesAVN of scaphoid/navicular = Preisser'sAVN of multiple vertebral endplates = Scheuermann's disc space spared - leads to hyperkyphosis
245
Colles Fracture
most common fracture of the wristFx of distal radius with posterior displacement(of distal fragment)"dinner fork deformity"FOOSH
246
Smith's Fracture
"Reverse Colles"Fx of distal radius with anterior displacementof distal fragment"garden spade deformity"
247
Osgood Schlatter's
"Tibial Apophysitis"avulsion of tib tub of knee in young, athletic children
