Pathology Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Host Factors
A
immune system and devices
2
Q
Bacterial Factors
A
suited to environment, virulence and resistance
3
Q
Exposure, Normal Flora competition
A
Opportunity
4
Q
Streptococci Aureus
A
Bunch of grapes = skin infection, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, UTI, endocarditis
5
Q
Streptococci Epidermidis
A
Skin commensal that adheres to foreign bodies eg. false limbs, catheters and cardiac valves (due to biofilms)
6
Q
Streptococci pyogenes
A
Group A. Bacterial sore throat, scarlet fever, puerperal sepsis (maternal death)
7
Q
Streptococci Pneumoniae
A
Alpha-haemolytic = pneumonia and meningitis
8
Q
Streptococci agalacticae
A
Group B = meningitis in neonates
9
Q
Streptococci milleri
A
Group of normal floral of upper airway = pus in the abscess of dental, lung, brain and liver
10
Q
Viridans Streptococci
A
Group of Aphla -haemolytic. Noramally in URT = into blood –> acute infection endocarditis
11
Q
Streptococci gallolytics
A
Group D normal colonization of the large bowel = colonic malignancies
12
Q
Listeria monocytogenes
A
Series of Gram-pos bacillus. zoonosis, found in cheese = neonatal, maternal and immunosupressed meningitis and severe sepsis
13
Q
corynbacterium
A
species of gram-pos commersals of skin and URT = diphtheria BUT vaccinated against in UK
14
Q
Propionbacterium Acenes
A
gram-neg - acene formation
15
Q
enterobacteriaceae (coliforms)
A
Gram-negative normal flora of the bowel inc. Ecoli and Salmonella. Rarely cause infection unless ectopic
16
Q
Escherichia Coli
A
normal bowel floral = UTI and bacteraemia, severe diarrhea and haemolytic uremic syndrome
17
Q
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
A
Gangrene in leg ulcers - multi resistant gram-neg = resp infections and UTIs
18
Q
neisseria Meningitis
A
gram-neg diplococcus = meningitis purpuric non blanching rash + sepsis
19
Q
Neissueria gonorrhoeae
A
gram-neg diplococcus = gonorrhoeae and ophthalmic neonatorum
20
Q
Haemophilus influenza
A
Know as HIB Gram-neg normal URT flora = pneumonia and COPD flare ups. Group B = meningitis and epiglottis
21
Q
Clostridium species
A
gram positive spore forming anaerobes
22
Q
Clostridium Difficle
A
antibiotic associated diarrhea
23
Q
clostridium perfringens
A
gas gangrene
24
Q
Clostridium tetani
A
tetanus
25
clostridium botulinum
botulism
26
bacteriodes, fuscobacterium, prevotelli species
polybacterial infection eg. dental, lung and colonic abscesses and soft tissue infections
27
Mycobacterium species
Acid Fast Bacilli eg. Tuberculosis. A typical types = resp infection and COPD exacerbations
28
mycoplasma pneumoniae
common resp infections
29
Treponema Pallidum
Spirochaetes (due to sigmoid shape) = syphilis and lyme disease and leptospirosis
30
Dermatophytes
keratinophilic (grow and use keratin) fungi that causes disease in skin and nails
31
Trichophyton, microsporum and epidermophyton
three genera of dermatophytes
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geophilic
Fungi that originate in soil
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Zoophilic
Fungi that originate in animals
34
Anthrophonic
fungi from other humans
35
Tinea pedis
by Trichophyton rubrum- itching and flaking skin: inter-digit and sole of feet (athletes foot)
36
Tinea unguium
by Trichophyton rubrum or onychomycosis - thickening, discolouring and dystrophy of nails
37
Tinea crusis
T.Rubrum = defined red plagues in groin area with satellites in buttocks
38
Tinea capitis
inflammatory disease of the scalp = scaly patches + alopecia, grey patches of skin with black dots
39
Kerion celsi
boggy lesions (Sympt of T. Capitis)
40
Tinea Corporis
single/ multiple erythematous plagues from scalp to groin
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Majocci's granuloma
invasion of the hair follicle
42
Candida
genus of yeast that colonize the mucosal membrane of healthy GI tract. Hypae and spores
43
Oral Candida infection (4 symptoms)
1) acute pseudo-memebranes
2) chronic atrophy of tongue
3) angular cheilitis
4) Chronic hypoplastic / oral leukoplakia --> malignant
44
Candida vulvovaginitis
Vaginal thrush = pruritus, inflame and discharge. 80% women
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Candida Oesophagitis
in immunosupressed = pain and difficulty swallowing
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C. Ednocarditis
RARE - IV drug use and valve surgery due to candidaemia = fever weight loss, fatigue and heart murmur
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Renal candidosis
abscess from blood lodgings in tissues - immunosupressed and premature neonate = ab pain, fever, oliguria, anuria
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Yeast/ fungal UTI
colonize from catheter or ascending Genital tract infection
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C. Perintonitis
complication of peritoneal dialysis = fever ab pain, nausa and vomiting
50
Hepatosplenic Candidosis
Those with leukemia = candidaemia and neutopia. Abscesses fever and liver function disturbance
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Candidaemia
in the blood - VERY RARE spores in eyes and heart
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Aspergillus
genus of moulds and filamentous fungi = pulmonary or sinus disease (allergy). Airborne spores that can be inhaled
53
Aspergillosis (4 types)
1) Space occupying or aspergilloma - cavities from old TB are filled
2) Allergic reaction - asthma, CF and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
3) Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis - COPD
4) Invasive infection - in immunosupressed 'halos of air' on CT
54
Lives on an other organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the hosts expense
Parasite
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symbiosis
long term interaction between species
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commensalism
parasite benefits and host ISN'T INJURED (normally no disease)
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Parasitism
parasite benefits and host IS HARMED (disease)
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Definitive host
harbors the parasite as an adult - with in which it reproduces
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Intermediate host
harbors the larval and asexual parasite - may need two intermediate hosts in one life cycle
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Paraentic host
parasite resides but doesn't develope or reproduce
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Micro parasites
Protozoa
62
Flagellates, Amoeboids, sporozoans, Trypanosomes
Protozoa
63
Helminths
Macroparasites
64
Plathyhelminths + 2 sub groups
flatworms eg. cestodes (tape worm), Trematodes (flukes)
65
Nematodes (Helminth)
round worms either intestinal and tissue
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Direct life cycle
One host - definitive: reproduces and eggs shed in feaces --> next host
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Simple Direct life cycle
Definitive host sheds eggs in feaces --> intermediate host --> infected host
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Complex indirect life cycle
Definitive host in feaces--> intermediate + intermediate --> parentic host (not infected) - both eaten by infected host
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Protozoa - sporozoa - Plasmodium spp
Malaria
70
P. falciparum, P. Vivas P. ovale and P. Malariae
Plasmodium spp = malaria
71
Anopheles (mosquitos)
Intermediate host of malaria 'Vector' that carries the gametes of plasmodium to new host
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Symptoms of Malaria
intermittent fever and rigor, confusion, headaches and coma
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Signs of Malaria
high temperature, renal failure, anemia, bleeding, hypercaemia, pulmonary odema, circulatory collapse
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Indication for Malaria
traveling to high risk countries + fever = Malaria
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Treatment for Malaria (2 course of treatment)
Chloroquine and primaquine OR Falciparum
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Falciparum - 4 components (how given)
quinine + doxycyline (antiB) + co-artum + atovaquone (prevention) (orally)
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Protozoa - sporozoa = diarrhoial disease
cryptosporidium (either parvum or Hominis)
78
Spread of Cyrpto?
Feacal-oral + animal reserve
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Symptoms of Crypto (5) - What is not found? How many weeks for?
mucus and watery diarrhea NOT blood, bloating, cramps, nausea and vomiting - self limiting for 2 weeks
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Social history for Cryptosporidium - spread?
Old people and child care workers, swimming pools - human to human + travelers, farm workers, visiting zoo, - animal to human
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Test for Crypto
stool sample - fast acid staining and antibodies assay
82
Treatment for Crypto
Rehydration and nitazoxanide (antiparasitic) OR Paromomycin (antiB)
83
Trichomoniasis
flagellate protozoan eg. T vaginalis
84
Spread of Trichomoniasis
sexually. 5 - 24 incubation days
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Symptoms of Trichomonias
Men?
Women?
Men Asymptomatic women = smelly vaginal discharge and dysuria + punctuate hemorrhages on cervix (strawberry cervix)
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Treatment of Trichomonias
Metronidazole
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Giardiasis
Flagellate protozoan - by oral - feacal transmission`
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Giardiasis life cycle
Cyst in contaminated food --> trophozites in hosts --> cyst in feaces
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Symptoms of Giardiasis (6) + for how long
(asymptomatic) diarrhoea and malnutrition, ab pain, bloating, N&V lasting 3 weeks
90
Treatment for Giardiasis (2 examples)
metronidazole and tinidazole (antifungals)
91
Ascariasis
Helminth - intestinal nematode
92
Life cycle of Ascariasis
What host?
In each part of the body?
(Transmission route)
humans definitive host - eggs in feaces - larvae in lungs - re swallowed as worms in stomach (feacal-oral route)
93
Signs of Ascariasis
Lungs?
GI tract?
Loeffler's syndrome: dry cough, wheeze, dysponea, haemoptosys.
Malnutrition, intestinal obstruction --> hepatobiliary tree
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Treatment of Ascariasis
Albendazole - prevent glucose absorption to kill worms
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Schistosomiasis
Helminth - platyhelminth - trematode - fluke
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Definitive host for Schistosomiasis
humans
97
intermediate host for Schistosomiasis
water snails
98
Schistosomiasis eggs found in
feaces
99
Schistosomiasis worms found in
blood vessels/ under the skin
100
Disease caused by Schistosomiasis
biharzia's disease
101
Swimmer itch
at the site where the worm entered the skin
102
Katayama fever
ischemia in blood vessels due to worms blocking - acute and chronic
103
Schistosomia also causes
Urinary - haematuria, fibrosis and squamous cell CA
| Hepato - liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension and spleno megaly
104
Treatment for Schistosomiasis
Praziquantal = detached of worms (+ long term manage of cancer and cirrhosis)
105
Echinococcus spp = what disease?
platyhelminth - cestode (tape worm) = hydatid disease
106
Lifecycle of Echinococcus
Definitive host = dog --> eggs in poo --> eatern by sheep. Humans accident intermediate host by consumption of embryonic eggs
107
Clinical Signs of Hydatid disease
cysts in live (most common), lung, heart and gallbladder. Secondary bacterial infection. Cyst rupture = hypersensitive reaction - imaging and serology of cysts
108
Control of Hydatid
regularly worm dog + dispose of feaces well
109
Herpes Virus
DNA, double stranded enveloped. Simplex 1 = sore throat. Simplex 2 = genital. Skin on skin contact
110
Parovirus or slapped cheek disease (red rash of cheeks)
DNA single stranded unenveloped. Resp transmission = Transient aplastic crisis = anemia
111
Double stranded RNA virus with + and - RNA = fever vomiting and watery diarrhea
rotavirus = fever vomiting and watery diarrhea. Feacal-oral route. Winter seasonal
112
Chicken Pox or Shingles (reactivation)
Variella zoster virus. Resp transmisison = fever and visicular rash (Comp. pneumonitis, encephalis or acute cerebella ataxia) - Remission held in route ganglion = dermatome distribution
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Glandular Fever OR infectious mononucleosis OR mono OR kissing disease
Epstein Barr Virus or EVC. Saliva and sexual fluid trans. Mononucleosis = sore throat, fever, splenomegaly. Reactivation in immunosupressed
114
CMV
cytomegalovirus. Saliva and sexual secretions - same as Glandular fever. Feotuses = retinitis, deafness, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly. Reactivation in immunosupressed
115
The Common cold
Rhinovirus: + RNA unenveloped
116
Influenza
- RNA enveloped
117
Rhinovirus VS influenza symptoms
```
Rhino = nasal discharge, cough, sore throat and headache
Influenza = fever, myalgia, headache, cough and sore throat + secondary bacterial infection
```
118
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus (- RN enveloped) = Bronchiolitis - children under 2 with inflammation of small airways - cough and wheeze
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HIV - type and transmission
Human Immunodefieceny virus (+ RNA via DNA enveloped). Blood, sexual secretions, vertical and breast milk
120
Acute presentation of HIV
2-6 weeks after infection = seroconverting illness of fever, sore throat and lymphadenopathy
121
Feacal - oral spread Hepatitis
Hep A and E = nausea, myalgia, arthralgia and fevers. Then jaundice and right upper quadrant pain
122
Blood Borne Hepatitis --> risk of chronic cirrhosis
```
Hep B (and D only in conjunction with B) - risk of chronic infection is inversely proportional to age
Hep C - 15% clear BUT 85% become chronic inlcudes 50% of IVDU
```
123
Only Hepatitis that is Double stranded DNA enveloped (the also are + RNA enveloped)
Hep B
124
ssRNA positive Enveloped = projectile vomiting
Norovirus Norwalk - control outbreaks. 90% of adult pop have had --> immunity last one year
125
Enterovirus (+ RNA enveloped)
polio, coxsackie A and B, enterovirus and echovirus (enteric cytopathic human orphan virus). Named due to their feacal-oral transmission and reside in intestines BUT no GI symptoms
126
Enterovirus Symptoms
GI tract --> blood = viraemia. Fever and rashes in children (hands and feet), 50% of viral meningitis, common cold, encephalitis. Coxackie B = pericarditis
127
Prions
Accumulation of misfolded proteins (no nucleic acid). Abnormal proteins (inherited or ingested) cause disease.
128
Human Prion Disease
CNS 30 year incubation = spongiform change in brain tissue --> fatal
129
Example of Prion disease
New variant Sporadic Creutzfeld-jakob disease (CJD). Rare Inherited gene mutation = ataxia, depression, dementia and death. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
130
Viruses can be classified in 5 different ways
Morphology + nucleic acid type
Mode of replication - DNA, RNA, and reverse
Host organisms
Types of disease they cause (Eg. acute or chronic)
131
Types of Chronic viral infection (2) + examples
Persistent = Can be latent (re-occures and last all the life of the host) OR can be cleared after a long time
herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, HIV, Varicella -zoster
132
Rashes signify what viruses
Vesicular
Non - vesicular
```
Vesicular = Varicella, herpes simplex, enterovirus (polio and coxackie)
Non-vesicular = measles, rubella, paravirus, adenovirus and Human herpesvirus (HHV)
```
133
Respiratory viral infections (5)
Influenza A&B, parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, coronvirus, respiratory synctial virus (children)
134
GI viral infections (usually RNA) ((5)
rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, saprovirus, adenovirus
135
Neurological viral infections (encephalitis or meningitis)
Herpes simplex, enteroviruses, rabies, Japanese encephalitis
136
Blood borne viruses
Hep b and c and Reteroviruses (HIV)
