Pathology Flashcards
(35 cards)
Characteristics of coagulative necrosis
The tissues affected are firm and the cells do not have a nucleus.
Localized area of coagulative
Cell swelling will make the cells look more pink. (Cytoplasm more pink)
Lose membrane
Characteristics of Liquefactive necrosis
Affects the brain and CNS mostly.
No nucleus present
The dead cells are digested and it makes the Tissue turn into a liquid (enzymatic lysis of cells)
The necrotic material looks like a creamy yellow (pus=dead leukocytes)
Phagocytes will be present to clean up
No cell border
Characteristics of Caseous Necrosis
Mostly in the lungs because of tb infections.
Cheese like
Combination of coagulative and liquefactive
Inflammation will take on the appearance of a granuloma
The cells look like they radiate out.
Distinctive inflammatory border.
Macrophage will clean in up
Characteristics of fat necrosis
Chalky white No specific pattern Fat destruction typically caused by active pancreatic lipases Shadow outlines of necrotic fat cells Basophils could calcium deposits Inflammatory reaction Nuclear moves to the center Cytoplasm becomes more granular
Characteristics of fibrinoid necrosis
Immune reactions involving blood leak
Happens with a complex of antigens and antibodies and inserted into the walls of arteries
Bright pink on H&E stains and look amorphous and this is called fibrinoid
Happens mostly because of malignant hypertension or vasculitis
Neutrophils will come and destroy
Characteristics of gangrenous necrosis
No specific pattern of cell death
Coagulation of the limbs look mummified
Mostly lower limb
Happens because of decrease in blood supply
If it happens with a superimposed infection then it is liquefactive necrosis or wet gangrene
What is steatosis?
Type of Accumulation?
Reversible change until it’s not
Build up of triglycerides in parenchyma, cells and it happens mostly in the liver.
Heart and kidney are also common
Caused by alcoholic liver disease, non alcoholic liver disease like diabetes and obesity
On slides it looks like a fat cell and the fat is usually washed out of tissue during slide preparation.
Lipid Accumulation
What is xanthoma and what type of Accumulation?
Build of macrophage that have cholesterol. Groups of foamy macrophages found in the connective Tissue of the skin and tendons that form masses
Mostly seen in people with hyperlipidemia
GASTRIC XANTHOMA is an example and on slides they have foamy macrophages in the lamina propriety beneath the epithelial surface and they have high amounts of cholesterol.
Location dependent, we learned stomach.
Lipid Accumulation
What is atherosclerosis and what is the Accumulation?
It is caused by plaques found in the smooth muscle cells and macrophages are found in the walls of arteries and they are often with lipid vacuoles.
Foam cells in the surface of wall of the vessel look yellow
The vacuoles could release lipids into the extracellular space and they could in turn make cholesterol clefts which look like lingo needles.
Lipid Accumulation. Location dependent, arteries.
What is cholesterolsis and type of accumulation?
It is an accumulation of cholesterol that have macrophages in the lamina propriety of the GALLBLADDER.
On slides they look grainy and have a glomerization.
Lipid Accumulation
What are renal tubule resorption droplets and accumulation?
It is often reversible and it is a protein loss in the urine.
With heavy protein Uris there is an increased resorption of proteins into vesicles
Protein has appearance of pink hyaline droplets in the cytoplasm.
High protein absorption in the cytoplasm=high accumulation.
On slides they have eosinophils droplets
Lipid Accumulation
What are Russel Bodies?
Plasma that is actively making immunoglobulins.
The ER becomes distended and there are large eosinophilia cytoplasmic inclusions.
How can glycogen be related to an accumulation in abnormal proteins?
There is glycogen storage disease and it has a defect in the enzyme that breaks down glycogen so in turn there is a build up of glycogen and this build up can cause Cell death or injury.n
What are protein accumulations?
What are the characteristics of alpha-1 anti-tripsin deficiency?
It is caused when there is a protein build up around eosinophilia droplets, vacuoles, aggregates in the cytoplasm and often cause a defect in folding, packing, and transport of the protein and since they are essentially broken then they can accumulate.
Alpha-1 anti-tripsin deficiency is caused by a mutation that decreases folding which leads to the build up of partially folded intermediates that aggregate in the ER of liver cells and are not secreted.
Could cause emphysema of the long
Damage the ET because of the stress of misfolded proteins.
On a slide t hey have magenta colored cytoplasmic inclusions and they show misfolded A1AT protein.
What are the characteristics of a lack of enzyme?
What is Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C.
It is the failure of the breakdown of a metabolite because of an inherited deficiency. Like a lysosomal storage disease.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C is a lysosomal storage disease that is caused by mutations that affect the enzymes involved in cholesterol trafficking. This causes a cholesterol backup in many organs. No lysosomes can’t get rid of stuff.
What happens when you ingest some indigestible materials?
Drop off and build up of abnormal exogenous substance and the cell doesn’t have the stuff needed to break down the substance or the ability to move it to sites that can digest it.
Is carbon an exogenous pigment and if so why?
Yes, it is an exogenous pigment since it comes from outside of the body. Carbon is usually inhaled in the form of coal dust especially in urban areas.the carbon blackens the lung and node tissues and this process is called anthracisis and coal miners have an increased chance of lung disease
Are tattoos exogenous and if so why?
Yes, it is the localized pigment of the skin or bowel and when in the skin it is phagocytosis by dermal macrophages, typically inert with no inflammation and pigment will stay for a long time. In surgery doctors will put it there so that they can go back to the area and it is taken up my macrophages. Stain the suspected tumor site and go back to it later.
Is lipofuscin and exogenous pigment and if not why not?
Lipofuscin is not an exogenous pigment instead it is ENDOGENOUS. It usually happens with typical wear and tear and it is seen in slow regressive change. They are insoluble polymers of lipids and phospholipids and they look yellow and brown in color and we often granular. They are not harmful to the cell and thy show the cell exposure to free radical injury
Why is melanin an endogenous pigment?
Melanin is an endogenous pigment because the body makes it and it looks like a brown or black pigment to it. It is formed when enzyme tyrosine she catalyze seems the oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes. Mostly epithelial , but could be found deeper.
What is hemosiderin and what type of pigment is it?
Hemosiderin is made from hemoglobin and it stores iron. It is often seen in bruises and it often looks yellow, brown and granular or crystalline
HEMOSIDEROSIS is too much iron and they put halo glob in back into the Tissue. And the type of pigment is endogenous
On the slides they have cytoplasm that look granular and some stains show the iron as a blue color
What are is dystrophic calcifications?
It is when calcium is put locally in dying or necrotic tissues. Usually happens in atheroma and atherosclerosis and if feels crunchy to the touch. It is basophilic meaning it has epithelial and a stroma. It looks granular and clumped no an H&E stain.
Often coincides with the presence of psammoma bodies which are are deposition and layers of calcium depositions, they make concentric circles.
There can also be a bestows bodies which is caused by the deposition of calcium, iron salt on Barstow fibers and they look like a dumbbell or beaded
What is metastatic calcification?
It usually happens wherever hypercalcemia occurs.
Looks dystrophic under microscope, but has no clinical dysfunction unless calcium is put on the lung or kidney. It is characterized by the deposition of calcium on healthy tissue, usually benign with no cancer.
What are examples of benign mesenchlymal tissues?
Fibroma
Lipoma
Leiomyoma
Rhabomyoma
