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Cardiology Kaplan > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot’s most important characteristic to determine prognosis

A

Pulmonary infundibular stenosis

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2
Q

Most common congenital left-to-right shunt

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD), membranous type

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3
Q

Most common type of atrial septal defects

A

Ostium secundum defects

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4
Q

Most common location for coarctation of the aorta

A

Postductal coarctation (adult type)

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5
Q

Definition of hypertensive urgency

A

Severe (more than 180/ more than 120) hypertension without acute end-organ damage

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6
Q

Definition of hypertensive emergency

A

Severe hypertension with evidence of acute end-organ damage

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7
Q

Type of arteriolosclerosis with proliferation of smooth muscle cells and “onion skinning” appearance

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Mönckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis)

A

Calcification of internal elastic lamina and media of arteries that affects medium-sized arteries

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9
Q

Classic description of Mönckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis) on x-ray

A

“Pipestem” appearance

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10
Q

Most common sites of atherosclerosis to develop

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. Coronary artery
  3. Popliteal artery
  4. Carotid artery
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11
Q

Type of aortic aneurysm associated with tertiary syphilis (endarteritis obliterans)

A

Thoracic

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12
Q

Most common site for traumatic aortic rupture

A

Aortic isthmus (proximal descending aorta just distal to the origin of left subclavian artery)

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13
Q

Type of angina for which smoking is a risk factor, but hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are not

A

Prinzmetal angina

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14
Q

ECG manifestations of Prinzmetal angina

A

Transient ST elevation

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15
Q

Prinzmetal angina treatment

A
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Nitrates
  • Smoking cessation
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16
Q

Most important risk factor for stable angina

A

Age (45 yo in men, 55 yo in women)

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17
Q

ECG and laboratory characteristics of unstable angina

A

+/- ST depression and/or T-wave inversion on ECG but no cardiac biomarker elevation (unlike NSTEMI)

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18
Q

Principle behind pharmacologic stress test with coronary vasodilators

A

Based on the coronary steal syndrome
*Administration of vasodilators dilate snormal vessels and shunts blood toward well-perfused areas, diverting flow away from vessels that are stenosed

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19
Q

Definition of sudden cardiac death

A

Death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of onset of symptoms

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20
Q

Drugs used for symptomatic relief in heart failure

A

Thiazides and loop diuretics

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21
Q

What are Roth spots and in which pathology can they be found

A

They are round white spots on th retina surrounded by hemorrhage, found in bacterial endocarditis

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22
Q

What are Osler nodes and in which pathology can they be found

A

Tender, raised lesions on finger or toe pads due to immune complex deposition, found in bacterial endocarditis

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23
Q

Organisms associated to tricuspid valve endocarditis due to IV drugs

A
  • S. aureus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Candida
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24
Q

Early and late cardiac lesions seen in rheumatic fever

A
  • Early: mitral valve regurgitation

* Late: mitral valve stenosis

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25
What are Aschoff bodies and in which pathology can they be found
They are granulomas with giant cells, found in rheumatic fever
26
What are Anitschkow cells and in which pathology can they be found
They are enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy, rod-like nucleus, found in rheumatic fever
27
Rheumatic fever is an example of which type of hypersensitivity
Type 2 hypersensitivity *Antibodies to M protein corss-react with self antigens (molecular mimicry)
28
ECG changes seen in acute pericarditis
Widespread ST-segment elevation and/or PR depression
29
Components of Beck's triad
1. Hypotension 2. Distended neck veins 3. Distant heart sounds
30
Characteristic type of pulse seen in cardiac tamponade
Pulsus paradoxus
31
Definition of pulsus paradoxus
Decrease in amplitude of SBP by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration
32
Definition of the Kussmaul sign
Increase in JVP on inspiration instad of a normal decrease
33
Disease associated to giant cell arteritis
Polymyalgia rheumatica
34
Most common affected arteries in giant cell arteritis
Branches of the carotid artery (usually superficial temporal and ophthalmic)
35
Histopathologic characterstic of giant cell arteritis
Focal granulomatous inflammation
36
Treatment that should be given to a patient with giant cell arteritis before a temporal artery biopsy to prevent blindness
High-dose corticosteroids
37
Histopathologic characteristic of Takayasu arteritis
Granulomatous thickening and narrowing of the aortic arch and proximal great vessels
38
Hepatitis B seropositivity is seen in which vasculitis
Polyarteritis nodosa
39
Vessels affected in polyarteritis nodosa
Renal and visceral vessels
40
Histopathologic characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa
Transmural inflammation of the arterial wall with fibrinous necrosis
41
Vasculitis that shows coexistance of different stages of inflammation in different vessels
Polyarteritis nodosa
42
Signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease
"CRASH and burn" * Conjunctival injection * Rash * Adenopathy * Strawberry tongue * Hand-foot changes * Fever
43
Aneurysms of which arteries are seen in Kawasaki disease
Coronary artery aneurysms
44
Most common etiology of sudden cardiac death
Acute ischemia
45
Congenital cardiac defect associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
Ventricular septal defect
46
Most common type of atrial septal defect
Ostium secundum defects
47
Ostium primum type of atrial septal defects is associated with what pathology
Down syndrome
48
Type of coarctation of the aorta that is associated with PDA
Infantile type
49
Laboratory finding that needs to be present in addition to major or minor criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever
* Elevated ASO | * Anti-DNase B titers
50
Most common cause of death during the acute phase of rheumatic fever
Myocarditis
51
What are thrombotic vegetations made of
Platelets and fibrin
52
Histologic findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myofiber hypertrophy with disarray
53
Radiographic finding in aortic dissection
Wide mediastinum
54
Main energy source of the heart
Fatty acid oxidation (more than 60%)
55
Most common type of cancer that leads to developing of marantic/thrombotic endocarditis
Pancreatic cancer
56
Essential hypertension and malignant hypertension are associated with which types of arteriosclerosis
Hyaline and hyperplastic, respectively
57
First histologic change following a MI
Contraction bands
58
HLA that is associated with rheumatic fever
HLA-DR7
59
Myocyte enlarging after an MI is cuased by accumulation of what electrolyte
Calcium
60
What does "tree barking" refer to in patients with syphilitic aortitis
Intimal wrinkling
61
Spared arteries in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
Pulmonary arteries
62
Growth factor that triggers smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration from the media and proliferation of the intimia in an atheroma
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
63
Type of cell that promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability by synthesizing collagen
Smooth muscle cells (SMC)
64
Congenital long QT syndrome that also presents with sensorineural deafness
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

Cardiology Kaplan (3 decks)

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