Pathology Flashcards by Matthew Turnbull

what is the auditory meatus and external canal are lined by?

epidermis (skin)

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what glands secrete earwax?

ceruminous

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the ______ ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa

the MIDDLE ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa

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what is the nasal vestibule lines with?

squamous epithelium

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what is the nose, sinus etc lined with?

respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

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the throat is made of 2 types of epithelium depending on site - name them

respiratory epithelium and squamous epithelium

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name the 2 components that make up a salivary gland

acinar and ductular

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define otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

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otitis media is usually viral/bacterial

otitis media is usually VIRAL

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cholesteatoma is not a ______ and doesn’t contain ___________

cholesteatoma is not a TUMOUR and doesn’t contain CHOLESTEROL

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cholesteatoma is common/rare

cholesteatoma is COMMON

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cholesteatoma pathogenesis:

chronic ______ _____ and perforated _______ _______

cholesteatoma pathogenesis:

chronic OTITIS MEDIA and perforated TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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cholesteatoma pathology:

normal lining of middle ear is ________ or columnar glandular epithelium

in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated ________ epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant _______ production with associated ____________

cholesteatoma pathology:

normal lining of middle ear is CUBOIDAL or columnar glandular epithelium

in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated SQUAMOUS epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant KERATIN production with associated INFLAMMATION

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vestibular schwannoma is associated with the vestibular portion of what nerve?

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and uni/bilateral

95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and UNILATERAL

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for vestibular schwannoma, if a young patient with bilateral was admitted, what diagnosis should you consider?

neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2

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neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal dominant/recessive

neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal DOMINANT

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what are the signs and symptoms of neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2?

neurofibromas
bilateral vestibular schwannoma
multiple meningiomas
gliomas
café au lait
cataracts

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what is rhinitis and sinusitis are other names for what?

the common cold

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is nasal polys common in children?

no - common in adults

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what diagnosis should you consider in a child with nasal polyps?

cystic fibrosis

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what are the aetiologies of nasal polyps?

allergy
infection
asthma
aspirin
nickel

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what is the other name for granulomatosis with polyangitis?

Wegner’s granulomatosis

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what is Wegner’s granulomatosis defined as?

autoimmune
unknown aetiology
small vessel vasculitis and necrosis
respiratory and kidneys

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is Wegner's rare?

yes

what age group does Wegner's affect?

>40 years old

Wegner's presents with pulmonary and _____ disease or nasal symptoms of __________, septal perforation etc

Wegner's presents with pulmonary and RENAL disease or nasal symptoms of CONGESTION, septal perforation etc

name the high frequency neutrophil antibody level that is positive in GPA

cANCA positive - GPA pANCA positive - microscopic polyangiitis

tumours of the ear are rare/common

tumours of the ear are RARE

name the benign lesion of the nose

squamous papilloma schneiderian papilloma angiofibromas

name the most common malignant lesion of the nose

squamous cell carcinoma

inverted, exophytic and oncocytic are 3 different types of what lesion of the nose?

schneiderian papilloma

schneiderian papilloma is seen in over _0's and is more common in males/females

schneiderian papilloma is seen in over 50's and is more common in MALES

what causes schneiderian papilloma?

HPV smoking solvents welding

what is the symptom of schneiderian papilloma?

blocked nose

the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the lateral/medial wall and the paranasal sinus and the __________ type is found on the nasal septum

the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the LATERAL wall and the paranasal sinus and the EXOPHYTIC type is found on the nasal septum

there is a strong association with ________ ____ virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

there is a strong association with EPSTEIN BARR virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the ____pharynx and _-cells

Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the OROpharynx and B-cells

EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s ________, other _-cell lymphomas and __________ lymphoma

EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s LYMPHOMA, other B-cell lymphomas and HODGKIN'S lymphoma

laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to _____ _____, infection and smoking

laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to VOCAL ABUSE, infection and smoking

nodules are usually seen in young/old women/men and are uni/bilateral on middle _/3 to posterior _/3 on vocal ____ polyps are uni/bilateral and ____________

nodules are usually seen in YOUNG WOMEN and are BILATERAL on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal CORD polyps are UNILATERAL and PEDUNCULATED

a contact _____ is a benign response to ______ seen on the ant/posterior vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal _____, ____ and intubation

a contact ULCER is a benign response to INJURY seen on the POSTERIOR vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal ABUSE, GORD and intubation

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis has 2 peaks of incidence at what age groups?

<5 years and 20-40

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is related to what types of HPV?

types 6 and 11

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in children/adults

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in CHILDREN

tumours arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body are known as what?

paraganglioma

paragangliomas can be subdivided into 2 - name them

chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin

chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin: sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines. Usually adrenal medulla or paravertebral – organ of Zuckerkandl

chromaffin positive

chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin: carotid bodies, aortic bodies, jugulotympanic ganglia, ganglia nodosum of vagus and clusters around oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, larynx and orbit.

non-chromaffin

paragangliomas are common/rare and seen in over 50s/70s

paragangliomas are RARE and seen in over 50s

what type of cell carcinoma is common in the head and neck - nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and oral cavity?

squamous cell carcinoma

name the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

smoking and alcohol

tumours of the head and neck, mainly the oropharynx can be related to what virus?

HPV

vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type __

vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type 16

name the staging score for SCC

TNM

grade the SCC: (a) one vocal cord (b) both vocal cords

(a) one vocal cord - T1a | (b) both vocal cords - T1b

name the 3 major salivary glands

parotid submandibular sublingual minor salivary glands too

what is sialolithiasis?

stones in the salivary glands

what is paramyxovirus?

infection of the salivary glands

what salivary gland is most common for tumours?

parotid gland

common tumour of the parotid gland in females of 4th-6th decade with long history difficult to excise and recurrent risk of malignant transformation diagnosis?

pleomorphic adenoma

second most common benign tumour usually males over 50 rare outwith the parotid strong association with smoking often bilateral and multicentric diagnosis?

Warthin's tumour

mucoepidermoid carcinoma normally occur in what gland?

parotid gland

mucoepidermoid carcinoma: there is a >__% 5 year survival in low grade there is a

mucoepidermoid carcinoma: there is a >90% 5 year survival in low grade there is a <60% 5 year survival in high grade

wide age range and range of sites usually over 40 and parotid but most common malignant tumour of the palate 35% 5 year survival frequent perineural invasion – assoc pain or loss of function diagnosis?

adenoid cystic

Pathology Flashcards

(65 cards)