PATHOLOGY

Question 1

mechanisms of inflammation:

Answer 1

Vascular
Infection
Neoplastic
Drugs
Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma
Endocrine

Question 2

vascular inflammation changes

Answer 2

decreased fluid and increased viscosity

Question 3

what increases neutrophilic integrin and ligand expression

Answer 3

C5a

TNFa

Question 4

what increases endothelial ICAM, VCAM, selectin expression

Answer 4

IL-1, endotoxins andTNF

Question 5

what causes swelling s a clinical sign

Answer 5

endothelial cells constrict and create a leaky vessel

Question 6

what is in fluid exudate

Answer 6

Igs

fibrinogen

Question 7

chemical mediators (5)

Answer 7

histamines
seretonin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
chemokines

Question 8

histamine function

Answer 8

increase dilation

Question 9

histamine origin

Answer 9

mast cells
eosinophils
basophils
platelets

Question 10

seretonin

Answer 10

increase permeability

Question 11

prostaglandins

Answer 11

increase permeability and platelet agreggation

Question 12

infarction

Answer 12

cell death low 02

Question 13

ischaemia

Answer 13

cell damage low blood

Question 14

reversible time for cardiac injury

Answer 14

20 mins

Question 15

complications of failed NKATPase failure

Answer 15

K+ high in cell - swelling

Question 16

Ca+ high in cell activates…

Answer 16

ATPase
phospholipase
proteases
endonucleases

Question 17

permeable membrane from phosphlipase causes

Answer 17

mitochondrial leak of pro-death factors

Question 18

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 18

CNS

liquid vicous mass

Question 19

caseous necrosis

Answer 19

dead cells

cheesy

Question 20

coagulative necrosis

Answer 20

CV

death before phagocytosis

Question 21

cell changes due to increased demand

Answer 21

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

Question 22

cell changes due to decreased demand

Answer 22

atrophy

metaplasia

Question 23

physiological hyperplasia

Answer 23

breast and uterine tisse

Question 24

stimulatory factors of hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 24

tyrosine kinase coupled receptors

g coupled receptors

Question 25

G1 cyclin -> CDK -> effect

Answer 25

D 4 Rb phospharylates - E2F stimulates division

Question 26

S phase cyclin -> CDK -> effect

Answer 26

A 2 DNA replication

Question 27

atrophy hormones

Answer 27

thyroid and glucocorticoid

Question 28

extrinsic apoptotic pathway

Answer 28

TNF and Fas ligand activate caspase cascade

Question 29

intrinsic apoptosis pathway

Answer 29

growth signals activate BAK increased mitochondrial permeability cytochtome C released caspase cascade

Question 30

risks for cancer

Answer 30

``` genetic lifestyle chemicals radiation infection chronic inflammation precursor lesions ```

Question 31

precursor lesions

Answer 31

hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia

Question 32

incorrect stem cell signalling causes what growth

Answer 32

metaplastic

Question 33

how can obesity and associated high cholesterol cause (multifactorially) endometrial cancer

Answer 33

cholesterol mimics oestrogen steroid hormone due to structure increased production causes hyperplasia in the uterine lining

Question 34

radiation causing cancer

Answer 34

forms pyrimidine dimers in DNA | NER is overwhelmed

Question 35

HPV causes cancer how...

Answer 35

oncogenes bind to Rb

Question 36

cancers likely from chronic inflammation

Answer 36

lymphoma

Question 37

papilloma and ademona are...

Answer 37

benign growths

Question 38

pleomorphic growths are...

Answer 38

malignant

Question 39

high N:C ratio appears as what histologically

Answer 39

dark stain hyperchromasia

Question 40

pathways of cancer intitation

Answer 40

oncogene activation tumour supressor inhibition mutated DNA repair genes

Question 41

pathways of cancer accumulation

Answer 41

evasion of apoptosis and immune system | angiogenesis

Question 42

examples of mutated proteins from RAS RAF

Answer 42

``` EGRF RAS - colon, lung BRAF RAF - melenoma and colon MYC - lymphoma SCLC neuroblastoma PI3K - haematological ```

Question 43

inhibited p53 increases which other protein

Answer 43

21 inhibits CDKs more growth

Question 44

BRAC1+2 mutate which protein

Answer 44

MLH1 - mismatch repair

Question 45

how do cancers evade apoptosis

Answer 45

Bcl2 switches off

Question 46

increased VEGF cuases

Answer 46

angiogenesis

Question 47

which protein inhibits T cells

Answer 47

PD-L1

Question 48

how do cancers break through basement membrane and vessels

Answer 48

Matrix \metalloprotein

Question 49

what is lineage promiscuity + why is it an issue

Answer 49

subclones of daughter cancer cells | some may be resistant to initial or first linetreatment

Question 50

high vs low grade

Answer 50

low differentiation | high differentiation

Question 51

carcinomas are... + 3 types

Answer 51

epithelial adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

Question 52

sarcoma are... + 4 types

Answer 52

CT ``` osteosarcoma liposarcoma leiomyosarcoma rhabomyosarcoma agiosarcoma ```

Question 53

what is paraneoplastic disease

Answer 53

non-metestatic systemic effects accompanying disease