Pathology

Question 1

why do you get white cell margination in inflammation?

Answer 1

vasodilatation of BVs slows the flow of blood which allows white cells to move more peripherally

Question 2

selectins/integrins are expressed on endothelial cell surfaces?

Answer 2

selectins

Question 3

selectins/integrins bind to vessel walls, cell matrix and other cells

Answer 3

integrins

Question 4

integrin and selectin interaction with their ligands is __ affinity

Answer 4

low

Question 5

what 2 substances increase selectin expression

Answer 5

histamine

thrombin

Question 6

VCAM and ICAM are expressed on…

Answer 6

endothelial cells

Question 7

what substances increase VCAM and ICAM expression

Answer 7

TNF

IL-1

Question 8

why do you get swelling?

Answer 8

leaky BVs cause loss of proteins which changes the osmotic pressure as water will follow protein

Question 9

what ion increases if the Na/K pump fails?

Answer 9

K

Question 10

fibroblasts form…

Answer 10

collagen

Question 11

when do fibroblasts lay down collagen after an infarction?

Answer 11

2-6 weeks after the injury

Question 12

Rb usually binds to…

Answer 12

E2F

Question 13

what does E2F do when it isnt bound to Rb?

Answer 13

increases transcription of DNA polymerase

Question 14

what receptor is most commonly affected in cancer?

Answer 14

EGFR

endothelial growth factor receptor

Question 15

most common cell pathway affected in melanoma?

Answer 15

BRaf

Question 16

a translocation in Myc is diagnostic of what cancer?

Answer 16

burkitts lymphoma

Question 17

what is myc?

Answer 17

nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth

Question 18

most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

Answer 18

PI3K

Question 19

PI3K is mutated in what cancers?

Answer 19

leukaemias

Question 20

most commonly mutated protein in all cancers?

Answer 20

p53

Question 21

p53 senses DNA abnormaloities at what stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 21

G1

Question 22

what does BCL-2 do?

Answer 22

stops apoptosis

Question 23

what does there have to be for hyperplasia to occur?

Answer 23

a stimulus eg hormonal response

Question 24

what cells make gastrin?

Answer 24

G cells

Question 25

why would someone have G cell hyperplasia?

Answer 25

``` chronic gastritis on PPIs (neg feedback) ```

Question 26

what is dysplasia?

Answer 26

abnormal cell growth

Question 27

is dysplasia benign or malignant?

Answer 27

benign as it isnt cancer yet

Question 28

what are you screening for in bowel screening and why?

Answer 28

adenoma (will turn into an adenocarcinoma)

Question 29

define metaplasia

Answer 29

a REVERSIBLE change from 1 cell type to another in response to a stimulus

Question 30

examples of metaplasia

Answer 30

bladder barretts oesophagus cervical ectropion

Question 31

pathological process in lynch syndrome?

Answer 31

microsatellite instability (faulty mismatch repair genes)

Question 32

where does lynch syndrome present in the colon?

Answer 32

right side colon

Question 33

causes of endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 33

overweight (adipose tissue to oestrogen) | hormonal

Question 34

lynch syndrome cancers?

Answer 34

bladder/transitional cancer colorectal endometrial

Question 35

a leiomyoma is an example of __plasia

Answer 35

neo (not dysplasia as the tumour has grown)

Question 36

elongated cells on endometrium...

Answer 36

spindle cells

Question 37

stain used in colposcopy

Answer 37

acetowhite

Question 38

HPV causes CGIN T or F

Answer 38

T

Question 39

"skip lesions" are present on CIN/CGIN

Answer 39

CGIN

Question 40

what female ovarian tumour looks like a potato?

Answer 40

dysgerminoma

Question 41

carcinomas tend to affect what age group?

Answer 41

older

Question 42

when would you get a painful lump in malignancy?

Answer 42

only if late

Question 43

young person with lump in neck, no risk factors...

Answer 43

mets from HPV cancer in throat

Question 44

what cancers can appear anywhere?

Answer 44

melanoma prostate cancer small cell lung cancer

Question 45

signet ring morphology...

Answer 45

adenocarcinoma

Question 46

signet ring cancers are single/multi cell cancers

Answer 46

single

Question 47

prognosis of adenocarcinomas with signet ring morphology

Answer 47

BAD

Question 48

what lung cancer is not uncommon in non-smoking young women

Answer 48

adenocarcinoma

Question 49

age range for thyroid cancer?

Answer 49

20-40

Question 50

most common thyroid cancer?

Answer 50

papillary

Question 51

describe the changes on pathology in hashimotos thyroiditis

Answer 51

normal thyroid constituents eg colloid and folliculoepithelial cells PLUS inflammation

Question 52

what is oncocytic change?

Answer 52

increase in mitochondria

Question 53

what does hashimoto's thyroiditis look like macroscopically

Answer 53

beefy/red | top 2 areas of the lobes are asymmetrical

Question 54

"orphan annie nuclei" and "psammoma bodies"

Answer 54

papillary thyroiditis

Question 55

amoxicillin rash...

Answer 55

EBV

Question 56

Tx EBV

Answer 56

pen V for cover | rest

Question 57

Ix EBV

Answer 57

EBV serology | FBC

Question 58

VDRL is a test for...

Answer 58

syphilis