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Cardio Module 2 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

To learn abt patho of cardio module 2 (102 cards)

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1
Q

Types of hypertension

A 
Primary= DS>89mm of Hg, SS>139mm of Hg
Secondary= Due to underlining cause, ex, renal failure, etc
malignant= DS>120mm of Hg, SS>200mm of Hg, Death with in 1-2 years
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2
Q

Stages of hypertension

A

Normal= SS<120, DS<80mm Hg
Pre-HTN= SS 120-139, DS 80-89mm Hg
Stage 1 HTN= SS 140-159, DS 90-99
Stage 2 HTN= SS >or = 160, DS >or = 100mm Hg

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3
Q

MC complications of HTN

A

Atherosclerosis (Major)
Halve of the pt. dies becz of IHD
1/3rd by stroke

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4
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

Low BP= low perfusion in kidneys = Renin secretion( a proteolytic enzyme) , angiotensinogen from liver, Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1, Then lung epithelium –> ACE, which converts Angiotensin 1–>angiotensin 2 –> adrenal gland–> aldosterone–> inc. Na+ absorption in kidney = inc. in BP

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5
Q

types of arteriosclerosis

A

Medial Calcification
Hyaline arteriosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis ( MC pattern amg all)

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6
Q

Medial Calcification

A

Occurs in medial layer of arteries
also known as Monkeberg Medial classification
> 50 yrs old
MC Radial and ulnar arteries

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7
Q

hyaline arteriosclerosis

A

protein deposits and occlusion of vessels
MC cause Essential/normal HTN, or DM
Kidney= Bening Nephrosclerosis

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8
Q

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

A

Onion-Skin lesion
Hyperplasia of SMCs
occurs in malignant HTN

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis

A 
MC pattern amg all
*Pathogenesis and Site= LIFE is A PIC
L= lipid increment 
I= Inflamation / Inflamatory cells involve
F= Fatty Streak=  In childre( earliest compl.)
E= Endothelial injury
*Site
A= abdominal aortap
P= popliteal artery
I= Internal carotid artery
C= coronary artery
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10
Q

Most Feared Complication of Atheroscl.

A

Thrombus formation

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11
Q

Atherscl. plaque contains

A 
A fibrous cap
necrotizing center
cholestrol crystals
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Angina Pectoris and its Types

A 
Angina = Pain
Pectoris= Chest
Types
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal angina
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13
Q

Stable Angina

A

MC form, from 15 sec to 15 mints
pain relieves on rest or by vasodialators
Occurs via emotional or physical stress

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14
Q

Unstable angina

A

More than 20mints
do not subside by rest or vasodialators
procedes to MI

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15
Q

Prinzmetal angina

A

Due to vasospasm
may also be caused by cocaine, ephedrine or epinephrine
Causes Multifocal infarct and sudden cardiac death due to fatal arrhythmia

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16
Q

MC cause of IHD

A

90% atherosclerosis

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17
Q

Causes of MI

A 
90% Thrombus
other 10%
Shock ( Global Hypotension )
endocarditis
sickle cell anemia
cocaine
Embolism
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18
Q

MC artery for MI

A

LAD 40-50% cases

supplies anterior wall/ apex of left ventricle

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19
Q

RCA and LCA

A

Right coronary and left circumflex artery
RCA= inferior/posterior wall
LCA= lateral wall of left ventricle

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20
Q

Tansmural MI

A

Full thickness MI with ST segment elevation

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21
Q

Sub-endocordial and Multifocal MI

A 
sub= inner third of wall
multifocal= patches of infarct in whole myocardium
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22
Q

Causes of multifocal MI

A

Vasospasm
vasculitis
cocaine
epenephrine

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23
Q

Most severe complication of multifocal MI

A

fatal arrhytmia

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24
Q

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

A

Broken-heart syndrome

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25
Cause of RF and RHD
Grp-A beta-hemolytic streptococci or streptoccocus pyogenes
26
MC age grp for RHD
5-15 yrs | school going children n young adults
27
Diagnostic criteria for RF/RHD
``` JONES CAFE J= joint problem O= resembles heart = pancarditis N= subcutaneous nodule E= erythema marginatum S= syndanham corrhea ``` ``` CAFE C= C-reactive protein A= arthralgia F= fever E= elevated ESR ```
28
MC cause of death in acute RHD
myocarditis
29
Aschoff bodies
granuloma found in myocardium in RHD
30
cater-pillar cells / activated histiocytes / anitschkow cells
Macrophages found Aschoff bodies
31
MC chronic complication of RHD
mitralstenosis
32
Types of cardiomyopathy
3 types Dialated / congestive hypertrophic restrictive
33
MC cause of cardiomyopathy
Dialated/ congestive cardiomyopathy | and it is systolic dysfunction i.e. diff to pump blood
34
MC complication of dialated cardiomyopathy
mural thrombus
35
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myocardial hypertrophy with impaired filling(compliance) / diasstolic dysfunction
36
Banana-like appearance of heart
in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becz of buldging of septum
37
murmur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
systolic ejection murmur
38
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Diastolic dysfunction | MC cause idiopathic
39
Myocarditis causes
``` MC = coxasckievirus bacteria, fungi, protozoa immune-mediated causes Post-viral rheumatic fever SLE transplant rejection ```
40
MC type of myocarditis
Lymphocytic
41
Pericarditis causes
almost always Virus | chronic TB or fungi
42
Types of Pericarditis
``` serous Pericarditis fibrinous / serofibrinous Pericarditis purulent (suppurative)Pericarditis Hemorrhagic n caseous Pericarditis constrictive Pericarditis ```
43
serous Pericarditis
Non-infective inflammatory condition
44
causes of serous Pericarditis
RF SLE Tumors
45
MC type of pericarditis
Fibrinous/ serofibrinous
46
Causes of Fibrinous/ serofibrinous Pericarditis
Acute MI (MC) Chest radiation Rheumatoid artheritis
47
dressler syndrome
Pericarditis with in few weeks of acute MI | Auto-immune
48
Clinical presentation of Fibrinous/ serofibrinous Pericarditis
after acute MI loud pericardial friction rub (most characteristic) chest pain worst on isnpiration, whic releives by leaning forward
49
purulent (suppurative) Pericarditis
MC by infective organism MC route from neighbouring inflammation seeding from blood as well
50
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
Hemorrhagic MC cause Malignant tumor
51
caseous Pericarditis
MC cause TB
52
caseous MC complication
Constrictive pericarditis
53
MC cause of Constrictive pericarditis
world wide TB | UK n USA ( idiopathic )
54
clinical presentation of Constrictive pericarditis
Right sided heart failure | increased jugular venous pressure
55
kussmaul's sign in Constrictive pericarditis
JVP rising with inspiration
56
CXR of Constrictive pericarditis
small heart | pericardial calcification
57
MC primary tumor of heart common in infant n children
Rhabdomyoma
58
tumor i.e. actually a hemartoma (developmental anomaly)
Rhabdomyoma
59
MC primary tumor of heart in adults
Myxoma
60
MC site of myxoma
left atrium 90%
61
MC metastatic tumor of heart
Metastatic tumor from lungs or breast
62
MC site of metastatic tumor
pericardium
63
in utero time period of congenital heart disease
week 3-8
64
MC genetical cause of CHD
trisomy 21
65
MC cyanotic lession of CHD
tetralogy of fallot
66
mnemonic of tetralogy of fallot
``` PROV P= pulmonary valve stenosis R=right venticular hypertrophy O=overriding of aorta V= VSD ```
67
Transposition of great vessels
as name indicates aorta arise from right ventricle pulmonary trunk from left ventricle
68
MC cyanotic lession of CHD in immediate newborn
Transposition of great vessels
69
Truncus arteriosus
``` truncus= a great vessel arteriosus= artery like ``` One single trunk of aorta and pulmonary vessels i.e. septum fails to form btwn them
70
Tricuspid atresia
occlusion of tricuspid valve
71
mnemonic for Right to left shunt
``` 4Ts Tetralogy of fallot Tricuspid atresia Truncus arteriosus Transposition of great vessels ```
72
mnemonic for left to right shunt
4Ds | ASD,VSD,PDA,AVSD
73
MC CHD in adults
ASD
74
MC CHD overall
VSD
75
murmur type in PDA
harsh machinery like murmur
76
CHD associated with PDA and Turner syndrome
Pre-ductal coarctation of aorta
77
CHD associted with down syndrome
AVSD
78
MC type of ASD
Secundum ASD 90%
79
MC type of VSD
Membranous VSD 90%
80
MC risk factor for PDA
prematurity n rubella infection
81
MC systemic vasculitis in adults
Giant cell arteristis
82
MC arteries involved in Giant cell arteristis
superficial temporal arteries (MC) | ophthalmic arteries
83
MC form of vasculitis in adult in Asia
Takayasu arteritis
84
MC site of Takayasu arteritis
Aortic arch vessels | pulmonary arteries
85
MC form of vasculitis in children younger than 4
kawasaki disease (kawa = river)
86
clinical presentation of kawasaki disease
strawberry tongue crusting of lips fissuring of mouth oropharyngeal erythema
87
hepititis B antigen + antibody complex occurs in which type of vasculitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
88
MC complication in wegener's granulomatosis
``` Focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis (Minor) crescentic glomerulonephritis (Major) ```
89
MC cause of Buerger disease
smoking
90
MC cause of secondary hypertension
Renal cause ( acute glomerulonephritis )
91
What is Necrotizing arteriolitis
Vessel wall necrosis in and fibrinoid deposits especially im kidney in malignant hypertension
92
Fatty streak is composed of
lipid-filled macrophages.
93
MC vessel involed in atheroma.
abdominal aorta.
94
3 major principles of atherosclerotic plaques.
1. SMCs , macrophages, T-cells 2. extra cellular matrix. 3. intracellular and extra cellular matrix.
95
MC arteritis among older individuals.
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis.
96
Multinucleated giant cells are seen in approx 75% of pt. In which type of arteritis.
Giant cell arteritis.
97
Type of arteritis also known as Pulseless disease in which marked weakening of pulse occurs in upper extremities.
Takayasu arteritis
98
Classic histological feature of PAN or polyarteritis nodosa.
Transmural necrotizing inflammation of arteries.
99
Kidney pathology in Granulomatosis with polyangitis.
``` Focal and segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis Crescentric glomerulonephritis (more advance lessions) ```
100
MC arteries involved in Buerger Disease (thromboangitis obliterans)
Tibial and radial arteries
101
MC organisms causing infectious Vasculitis.
Bacterium: Pseudomonas Fungi: Aspergillus and Mucor
102
characteristic finding of rheumatic heart disease in heart muscles.
Aschoff bodies are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic fever. They result from inflammation in the heart muscle.

Cardio Module 2 (2 decks)

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