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alimentary system > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

pathology of GORD

A

occurs when a portion of your stomach herniates through the diaphragm and you loos function of the sphincter and get reflux of acid

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2
Q

what is Barretts oeseophagus

A

metaplasia- oesophageal epithelium changes from squamous to glandular

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3
Q

what investigations would we do for GORD

A

endoscopy
PH metry
manometry

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4
Q

treatment for GORD

A

lifestyle measures,
proton pump inhibitors
anti reflux surgery

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5
Q

what are classic red flag symptoms for GI disease

A 
anorexia, weight loss
anaemia
recent onset >55
melaena or mass
swallowing difficulties
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6
Q

risk factors for oesophageal carcinoma - squamous cell

A

smoking
alcohol
dietary carcinogens

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7
Q

where does squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma occur

A

proximal and middle third of oesophagus

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8
Q

where does oesophageal adenocarcinoma take place

A

distal third of oesophagus

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9
Q

risk factors for adenocarcinoma - oesophagus

A

barrets metaplasia
obesity
reflux

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10
Q

investigations for oesophageal cancer

A

endoscopy and biopsy

barium swallow

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11
Q

common mets of oesophageal cancer

A

liver, brain , pulmonary, bone

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12
Q

why does peptic ulceration occur

A

imbalance between acid secretion and the mucosal barrier

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13
Q

common causes of peptic ulceration

A

gastritis, H pylori, NSAIDS, smoking

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14
Q

what is the treatment for H pylori

A

eradication therapy
triple therapy for 7 days
2 antibiotics
1 PPI

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15
Q

symptoms of stomach cancer

A 
Dyspepsia 
nausea and vomiting 
weight loss 
GI bleed 
Anaemia 
obstruction
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16
Q

symptoms for oesophageal cancer

A 
Progressive dysphagia 
anorexia 
chest pain 
cough 
pneumonia 
haematesis
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17
Q

what types of hepatitis are more chronic

A

B and C

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18
Q

what is cholestasis

A

accumulation of bile within the hepatocytes

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19
Q

what is primary biliary cholangitis

A

organ specific autoimmune disease of the bile duct you get granulomatous inflammation which can progress to cirrhosis

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20
Q

what tests would we do for primary biliary cholangitis

A

anti-mitochondrial auto antibodies
raised serum alkaline
phosphatase
elevated IGM

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21
Q

how do we treat primary biliary cholangitis

A

USCA bile thinners

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22
Q

what is primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

chronic inflammation and fibrous obliteration fo the bile duct
can progress to cirrhosis with a risk of progressing to cancer

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23
Q

symptoms of primary scleroisng cholagnits

A

pain
jaundice
stones
dilation and narrowing at various points

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24
Q

what would investigations deter in primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

pANCA antibodies

MRCP should be done

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25
how do we treat primary sclerosing cholangitis
biliary stents
26
what is cholethiasis
gall stones
27
symptoms of gall stones
``` pain when eating fatty foots asymptomatic feel bloated pain nausea biliary colic ```
28
what is cirrhosis
end stage chronic liver failure | loss of liver structure that is replaced by nodules of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue
29
causes of cirrhosis
hep b or c metabolic disorders alcohol
30
what score do we use to prioritise liver transplants
UKELD
31
what is cholangiocarcinoma
Tumour of the bile duct epitherlium | can be intrahepatic or extra hepatic
32
what is a common investigation to do for any biliary or pancreatic disease
ERCP
33
what histological changes occur in appendicitis
exudate perforation and access layers can get destroyed
34
risk factors for colorectal cancer
``` diet obesity smoking family history IBD age Male previous adenoma certain genes FAP HNPCC Puetz Jeghers ```
35
symptoms of colorectal cancer
``` rectal bleeding loose stools anaemia palpable mass obstruction systemic symptoms ```
36
is right sided colorectal cancer normally polypoid or annular
polypoid
37
what is an illeostomy
stoma found on the right side and has a spout
38
what is a colostomy
usually on the left side and is flushed with the skin
39
who has the FIT test
ages 50-74 | every 2 years
40
what is achalasia
functional loss of the myenteric plexus | failure of the LOS leading to reflux
41
treatments for achalasia
endoscopic balloon surgery- incision made in the sphincter botox
42
investigations for achalasia
manometry
43
what kind of bacteria is H pylori
gram negative
44
symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis
jaundice, encephalopathy decompensated hepatic function infection
45
what investigations would you do in alcoholic hepatitis
bloods - raised bilirubin raised GGT, raise ALK p AAT:ALT>2
46
what do we do to score and assess treatment for alcoholic hepatitis
use the Glasgow Alcoholic hepatitis score | scre above 9 we treat with steroids below 9- don't use steroids
47
how do we treat alcoholic hepatitis
supportive treat infection protect against a GI bleed
48
what is the pathology of non alcoholic fatty liver disease
fatty liver disease- you get steatosis, steatohepatitis, | many will develop to cirrhosis
49
what is biliary atresia
children that are born with absence of the bile duct
50
symptoms of pancreatic cnacer
``` obstructive jaundice weight loss abdo pain and upper abdomen pain diabetes vomiting recurrent bouts of pancreatitis ```
51
what is acute pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
52
main causes of pancreatitis
gall stones | alcohol
53
symptoms of acute pancreatitis
``` abdo pain nausea vomitign collapse pyrexia dehydration abdo tenderness circulatory failure ```
54
symptoms of chronic pancreatic
pain often a late manifestation of exocrine insufficiency jaundice GI bleeds upper are uncommon
55
what are the diagnostic criteria for IBD
recurrent abode pain for more than 3 days in the past 3 months pain improves with defecation change in stool frequency and form
56
what type of gene issue is FAP
autosomal dominant
57
what type of gene issue is MAP
autosomal recessive
58
what are haemorrhoids
perforated blood vessels
59
treatment for haemorrhoids
rubber band litigation
60
what Is the treatment or fissures
GTN surgical treatment- botox sphincterectomy for males
61
symptom of a perianal abscess
excruciating pain and very tender
62
symptoms for rectal cancer
painless or painful rectal bleeding
63
how do we treat rectal cacner
prep MRI neoadjuvant cancer to reduce the size surgery means me we can get clear margins
64
Examples of prehepatic jaundice
if too much haem is released from red blood cells then it can lead to an increase in bilirubin
65
what are examples of hepatic jaundice
due to cholestasis and intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction.
66
what are examples of post hepatic jaundice
cholelithiasis , extra hepatic obstruction
67
symptoms of hep A
fatigue, fever, nausea, appetite. loss, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools
68
how long is the incubation period for hep A
2-4 weeks

alimentary system (2 decks)

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