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BDS1 > Pathology and Immunity > Flashcards

Pathology and Immunity Flashcards

- Neoplasia - Growth Disorders - Cell Injury

1
Q

3

What is the growth pattern of benign cells?

A
  1. expansion
  2. encapsulated
  3. localised
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2
Q

3

What is the growth pattern for malignant cells?

A
  1. Invasion
  2. no capsule
  3. metastasis
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3
Q

What is the growth rate of benign cells?

A

slow

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4
Q

What is the growth rate of malignant cells?

A

Rapid but variable

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5
Q

3

Clinical effects of benign tumours

A
  1. Lump/pressure/obstruction depending on site and size
  2. increase or decreas hormone secretion
  3. Treat by local incision
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6
Q

3

Clinical effects of Malignant tumours

A
  1. local pressure, infiltration and destruction, distant metastases
  2. increase or decrease hormone secretion
  3. treat by local excision and chemo or radiotherapy if metastases present
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7
Q

Epithelial Tumours

Papilloma

A

Squamous epithelium benign tumour

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8
Q

Epithelial Tumours

Adenoma

A

Glandular epithelium benign tumour

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9
Q

Epithelial Tumours

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Squamous epithelim malignant tumour

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10
Q

Epithelial Tumours

Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular epithelium malignant tumour

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11
Q

CT Tumours

Leiomyoma

A

Smooth Muscle Bengin Tumour

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12
Q

CT Tumours

Fibroma

A

Fibrous Benign Tumour

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13
Q

CT Tumours

Osteoma

A

Bone Benign Tumour

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14
Q

CT Tumours

Chondroma

A

Cartilage Benign Tumour

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15
Q

CT Tumour

Lipoma

A

Fat Benign Tumour

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16
Q

CT Tumour

Angioma

A

Blood Vessel Benign Tumour

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17
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malgniant Tumour of Connective Tissue

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18
Q

Exceptions

Which tumours are all malignant

A

Melanoma and Lymphoma

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19
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Change in growth of maturation of cell

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20
Q

2 points

How is dysplasia identified?

A
  1. appearance
  2. arrangement
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21
Q

What are the 4 steps of carcinogenesis

A
  1. intiation
  2. promotion
  3. progression
  4. latency period
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22
Q

5

Give examples of chemical carcinogens

A
  1. smoking polycylic hydrocarbons
  2. diet
  3. drugs
  4. alcohol
  5. asbestos
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23
Q

2

Give examples of physical carcinogens

A
  1. ionising radiation
  2. radiation sensitivity
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24
Q

where cells are most rapidly renewed (7)

What is the most sensitive tissue to radiation to least sensitve

A
  1. embryonic tissues
  2. haematopoietic organs
  3. gonads
  4. epidermis
  5. intestinal mucous membranes
  6. CT
  7. muscle and nerve tissue
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25
Q

2

Which tumours does Epstein Barr Virus cause?

A
  1. Burkitts lymphoma
  2. nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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26
Q

Which tumour does Hep B/C cause?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

27
Q

Which tumour does HPV cause?

A

Cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma

28
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

normal genes which regulate cell division

29
Q

Abnormal variant

What do oncogenes produce?

A

oncoproteins

30
Q

Anti oncogenes

Action of Tumour Supressor Genes

A

inhibition of cell division and decrease growth

31
Q

What are the two main functions of TP53?

A
  1. stops cell cycle to allow DNA repair
  2. Apoptosis (P53 activation)
32
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks to cancer?

A
  1. Evading apoptosis
  2. Self sufficiency in growth signals
  3. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  4. Tissue invasion and metastasis
  5. Limitless replicative potential
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
33
Q

Define Metastisis

A

spread of malignant cells to digest organs forming secondary tumours

34
Q

What are the 2 predictable patterns of spreads?

A
  1. Lung to vocal nodes, liver, bone and brain
  2. Tongue to neck nodes, later lung and spine
35
Q

What are the 4 steps of the metastic cascade?

A
  1. direct spread and invasiveness
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Vascular invasion and spread
  4. Establishament of new colony
36
Q

Grading and Staging of Tumours

A

Grading: histopathology (biological nature of tumour)
Staging: Clinical (extent of spread)

37
Q

Which cells are involved in the recognition of tumour cells?

A

Tumour Associated Antigens or Neoantigens

38
Q

Ischaemia

A

Decreased blood supply to the tissue caused by blockage of arterial supply/venous drainage

39
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Cell death due to pathology

40
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Genetically programmed cell death

does not cause inflammation

41
Q

5 points

What are pathological triggers of Apoptosis?

A
  1. Hypoxia/Ischaemia
  2. Viral infection
  3. DNA damage
  4. Caspases
  5. Cell contents degraded by enzymes activated by the cell
42
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls

Found at sites of haemorrhage and necrosis

43
Q

What is Amyloid

A

Fibriular protein deposited due to pathologic processes

44
Q

Pathologic Calcification

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue

45
Q

Pathologic Calcification

What is Metastatic Calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium salts in normal, vital tissues with raised serum calcium levels

46
Q

What is Hypercalcaemia

A

increased serum calcium levels

47
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Increased levels of PTH
  2. Bone Resorption increased
  3. Increased Vit. D
  4. Renal Failure
48
Q

Development Disorders

Agenesis

Too little growth

A

Failure of development of an organ or structure within the organ

49
Q

Development Disorders

Atresia

Too little growth

A

Failure of development of a lumen in a tubual epithelial structure

50
Q

Development Disorders

Hypoplasia

Too little growth

A

Less tissue formed, normal structure

eg. enamel hypoplasia

51
Q

Development Disorders

Hamartoma

Too much growth

A

Tumour like growth, normal tissue and structure but excessiv growth

52
Q

Haemangioma

A

vascular malformation

Hamartoma of blood vessels

53
Q

Lymphangioma

Most common area is tongue

A

Hamartoma of lymphatics

54
Q

Odontoma

A

Hamartoma of dental hard tissues

55
Q

Pigmented naevi (moles)

A

Hamartoma of melanocytes

56
Q

Developmental Disorders

Ectopia

A

Normal tisse in wrong place

57
Q

5 points

Adaptation of cells to Environemental Stress

A
  1. Atrophy (decreased size)
  2. Hypertrophy (increased size)
  3. Hyperplasia (change in number of cells)
  4. Metaplasia (change in cell type)
  5. Dysplasia (change in maturation and growth pattern of cells)
58
Q

Causes of localised atrophy

A
  1. ischaemic
  2. pressure
  3. disuse/denervation
  4. autoimmune
  5. idiopathic
59
Q

Generalised atrophy causes

A
  1. inadequate nutrition
  2. senile
  3. endocrine
60
Q

Clinical example of hyperplasia

A

Liver regeneration

61
Q

Clincial example of hypertrophy

A

Goitre

62
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Barrets oesophagus (GORD)

63
Q

4 points

Features of Neoplasia

A
  1. abnormal mass of tissue
  2. growth which is excessive
  3. uncoordinated with normal tissues from which it arises
  4. persists after provoking stimulus removed
64
Q

4 points

Features of Neoplasia

A
  1. abnormal mass of tissue
  2. growth which is excessive
  3. uncoordinated with normal tissues from which it arises
  4. persists after provoking stimulus removed

BDS1 (8 decks)

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