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HISTO lec > Pathology (Cell & Tissue Damage) > Flashcards

Pathology (Cell & Tissue Damage) Flashcards

1
Q

This is the study (logos) of suffering/diseases and involves basic medical sciences and clinical practice

A

Pathology

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2
Q

It investigates the causes of the disease and the mechanism

A

Pathology

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3
Q

Refers to the study of the cause of the disease

A

Etiology

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4
Q

Give the genetic categories of etiological agents
(G, I, C, R, M, M)

A

 Geneticabnormalities
 Infectiveagents
 chemical
 radiation
 mechanical trauma
 malnutrition

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5
Q

Is a mechanism of the disease which etiology operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestation

A

Pathogenesis

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6
Q

Examples of Pathogenesis
(I, D, I)

A

Inflammation, degeneration, immune response

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7
Q

Refers to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder

A

Diagnosis

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8
Q

Refers to the expected outcome of a disease.

A

Prognosis

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9
Q

is the onset of the disease in a person who is already coping with another existing disease

A

Complication

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10
Q

Disease A caused disease B
Complication or Sequalae

A

Sequalae

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11
Q

unwanted outcomes of having disease or are the result of trauma

A

Sequalae

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12
Q

Are the signs and symptoms or evidence of disease

A

Clinical Manifestation

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13
Q

objective alteration that can be observe or measured by another person

A

Signs

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14
Q

subjective experiences reported by the person,
complains such as pain, nausea, vomiting etc

A

Symptoms

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15
Q

Is the study of tracking patterns of diseases occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas.

A

Epidemiology

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16
Q

is the number of new cases occurring in specific time of period

A

Incidence of a disease

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17
Q

is the number of existing cases within a populations during the specific time of period.

A

Prevalence of a disease

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18
Q

Shrinkage of the size of the cells by the lost of the cells substance

A

Atrophy

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19
Q

Increase the size of the cells and consequently the size of the organs

A

Hypertrophy

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20
Q

Increase the number of cells in an organ or tissue. (increase rate of cellular division)

A

Hyperplasia

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21
Q

Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type.

A

Metaplasia

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22
Q

Seen in smokers

A

Metaplasia

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23
Q

Abnormal change in the size, shape and organization of mature cells that is strongly associated with common neoplastic growth

A

Dysplasia

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24
Q

Cell injury:
Cell degeneration

A

Nonlethal injury

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25
Q

Cell injury:
Necrosis

A

Lethal injury

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26
Q

Manifested as a abnormality of biochemical function, structural changes or combination.

A

Cell degeneration

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27
Q

Its reversible but may become irreversible (necrosis/apoptosis) and may produce clinical disease

A

Cell degeneration

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28
Q

This is an irreversible type of cell injury

A

Necrosis

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29
Q

Cell injury that is accompanied with by biochemical and morphological changes

A

Necrosis

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30
Q

Stages of necrosis
_________: morphologically normal

A

Early changes

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31
Q

Stages of necrosis
__________: pyknosis

A

Nuclear changes

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32
Q

Where chromatin clumps into coarse strands, nucleus become shrunken

A

Pyknosis

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33
Q

_________: denaturation of cytoplasmic protein

A

Cytoplasmic changes

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34
Q

Type of necrosis that typically occur in solid organ like heart, kidney & adrenal glands

A

Coagulative necrosis

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35
Q

Type of necrosis that normally occurs in CNS which affects neuron and neuroglia cells & is Associated with focal bacterial and fungus infections

A

Liquefaction necrosis

36
Q

Caseous means?

A

cheese like appearance

37
Q

Type of necrosis that is associated with tuberculous pulmonary

A

Caseous necrosis

38
Q

Type of necrosis that occur in pancreas, breast and other abdominal structures caused by lipases enzymes which break down triglycerides (lipid) into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Fat necrosis

39
Q

Type of necrosis that is an Extensive tissue necrosis
Divide into two; dry and wet

A

Gangrenous necrosis

40
Q

occurs in extremities as a results of ischemic coagulative necrosis due to arterial obstruction

A

Dry

41
Q

occurs in extremities and internal organ as a results of liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection

A

Wet

42
Q

necrotic tissue infected by Clostridium perfringens

A

Gas

43
Q

Enumerate the causes of cell injury

A

 Oxygen deprivation
 Chemical agents
 Infectious agents
 Immunologic reactions
 Genetic defects
 Nutritional imbalances
 Physical agents
 Aging

44
Q

What do you call oxygen deficiency

A

Hypoxia

45
Q

Is the lost/lack of blood supply (due to arterial
blockage or reduce venous drainage)

A

Ischemia

46
Q

How does chemical agents cause cell death?

A

By:
Altering membrane permeability
Altering osmotic homeostasis
Altering integrity of an enzyme

47
Q

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, helminths are what agents?

A

Infectious

48
Q

immunity against its own tissues

A

Autoimmunedisease

49
Q

What do you call Abnormalities to the genomes

A

Mutation

50
Q

is associated with missing, or irregularities or extra in portion of chromosomal DNA

A

Genetic defects

51
Q

Cause by directly or indirectly lack of essential nutrients (malnutrition) Or it maybe related to excessive of food intake (Diabetic Mellitus)

A

Nutritional imbalance

52
Q

Trauma,extremesoftemperature,radiation(burns),electrical shock all have wide ranging effects on cells

A

Physical agents

53
Q

pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins

A

Apoptosis

54
Q

coordinated and internally programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

55
Q

Apoptotic cell remnants become target for _____

A

phagocytes

56
Q

Cell death that Rapidly cleared and does not illicit inflammation

A

Apoptosis

57
Q

Pathway of apoptosis where it Increase in permeability of mitochondrial membrane to pro-apoptotic substances

A

Intrinsic pathway

58
Q

Intrinsic pathway is also known as

A

MitochondrialPathway

59
Q

Major Mechanism of apoptosis in all ________

A

mammalian cells

60
Q

Apoptosis pathway where it is Initiated by engagement of plasma membrane death receptors in cells

A

Extrinsic pathway

61
Q

What family of proteins control the process of Apoptosis

A

BCL2/ B-Cell Lymphoma

62
Q

proteins that keep the membranes of Mitochondria,ER and Cytosol intact

A

Anti-Apoptotic

63
Q

Proteins that promotes mitochondrial permeability

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins

64
Q

It Forms channel in the mitochondrial membrane,allowing leakage of cytochrome C to the cytosol

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins

65
Q

Acts to sense cellular stress and damage

A

Sensors

66
Q

Often seen in cancer cells

A

Evasion of apoptosis

67
Q

happens when Abnormalities are present in both pathways

A

Evasion of apoptosis

68
Q

True or false:
Constant signaling of Cellular Growth Hormones is not necessary to prevent apoptosis

A

Very false like you

69
Q

Apoptotic bodies form and are quickly engulfed by phagocytes

A

Removal of apoptotic cells

70
Q

Is also known as inflammatory cell death

A

Necroptosis

71
Q

Is programmed necrosis

A

Necroptosis

72
Q

Mechanism of necroptosis

A

Anti-viral mechanism

73
Q

Programmed CellDeath accompanying the release of Pyrogens

A

Pyroptosis

74
Q

Cell death that is activated whenever a microbial product enters the cell

A

Pyroptosis

75
Q

Adaptive cell response during nutritional deficientstates

A

Autophagy

76
Q

Self-eating”of cells/ Cannibalism of cells

A

Autophagy

77
Q

Process of sequestering unwanted internal organelles via autophagosomes

A

Autophagy

78
Q

Digestion of cell by enzymes released from lysosome & occurs after cell dies.

A

Autolysis

79
Q

This is mainly responsible for breaking down all types of biological polymers : Carbohydrates,Fats,Proteins and nucleic acids, in Autolysis

A

Lysosomes

80
Q

fragmentation of the nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

81
Q

dissolution of the nucleus

A

Karyolysis

82
Q

denaturation of proteins lead to aggregation

A

Opacification

83
Q

exposure of basic amino groups results in increased affinity for acidic dyes such as eosin

A

Eosinophilia

84
Q

Breakdown of proteins(afterdeath) leading-to liquefaction of the tissue

A

Putrefaction

85
Q

Decrease in total number of Red Blood Cells

A

Anemia

86
Q

Decreases oxygen binding capacity of Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

HISTO lec (2 decks)

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