Pathology Chapter 9

Question 1

Vascular disease is…

MC involves

Answer 1

common, disabling, lethal

MC arteries

Question 2

2 types of vascular disease
Gradual vs Rapid?
Aneurysm vs Dissection?

Answer 2

Narrowing/obstruction of lumen
    Atherosclerosis (gradual)
    Thromboembolism (rapid)
Weakening of vessel wall
    Dilation (aneurysm)
    Rupture (dissection)

Question 3

Hardening of the arteries, non-specific

Answer 3

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries, atheroma

Question 4

Dilation of a vascular wall

Answer 4

Aneurysm

Question 5

Passage of blood through layers of wall

Answer 5

Dissection

Question 6

Blood clot in a vessel

in leg, thigh, pelvis?

Answer 6

Thrombus

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Question 7

Dilation of a vein

Answer 7

Varicosity

Question 8

The open interior of a vessel

Answer 8

Lumen

Question 9

Arterial walls are …. than veins

Because of pulsations, and … in blood pressure

Answer 9

thicker

increase in BP

Question 10

Smooth muscles are involuntary and ….

Answer 10

non-striated

Question 11

Layers of vasculature (x3)

Answer 11

1. Intima (endothelia cells)
2. Media (smooth muscle cells)
3. Adventitia (CT, nerves, vessels)

Question 12

Internal & External elastic lamina are found in which layers?

Answer 12

Intima/Endothelia = Internal Elastic Lamina

Media/Smooth Muscle = External Elastic Lamina

Question 13

Blood supply of vascular wall

Interior vs Exterior

Answer 13

Interior: diffusion of blood from lumen (intima & inner of media)
Exterior: vasa vasorum supplies (outer media & adventitia)

Question 14

… provide vascular resistance

Answer 14

arterioles

Question 15

Edema and leukocyte diapedesis occur here…

Answer 15

post capillary venules

Question 16

Veins:
___ lumen
___ walls
___ pressure, prone to _____/______

Answer 16

larger lumen
thinner walls
low pressure, prone to dilation/compression

Question 17

Lymphatic vessels:
___ walls, lined with _____
Drain _____ _____
Lymph fluid -> _____ _____

Answer 17

thin walls, lined with endothelia
drain interstitial fluid
lymph fluid -> lymph follicles
*continuous monitoring

Question 18

… create a continuous lining of all vessels

Answer 18

Endothelial cells

Question 19

Endothelial cells:
______ interface
Regulate ______ & ______

Answer 19

Non-thrombogenic interface
Regulate vasoreactivity (Nitric Oxide, Endothelin) & Cell Growth (smooth muscle cells)

Question 20

___ upsets homeostasis

______ = pro-inflammatory

Answer 20

Trauma upsets homeostasis

Endothelial Activation - pro-inflammatory

Question 21

Causes of Endothelial Activation (x2)

Answer 21

Vascular Lesions (HTN, Diabetes, Irradiation, infxn)
Thrombosis, athersclerosis

Question 22

Vascular anomalies = commonly/rarely symptomatic

relevant during ____

Answer 22

rarely symptomatic

relevant during surgery

Question 23

Congenital anomalies (x3)

Answer 23

Berry Aneurysms
Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Fibromuscular dyplasia

Question 24

Berry Aneurysm

Answer 24

Dilation of cerebral vessels

Rupture leads to subdural hemorrhage

Question 25

Arteriovenous fistula

Answer 25

connection of arterial and venous systesm which bypass capillaries

Question 26

Fibromuscular dysplasia athersclerotic or inflammatory? MC?

Answer 26

local thickening of medium/large artery walls -> ischemia non-athersclerotic, non-inflammatory MC: Young adult females

Question 27

hypotension (__/__) causes ...

Answer 27

hypotension (<90/60) causes decreased perfusion, dysfunction

Question 28

Hypertension (__/__) leads to ... | causes...

Answer 28

Hypertension (>140/80) leads to damaged vessels/organs | causes: atherosclerosis, hypertensive retinopathy

Question 29

Blood Pressure is regulated by:

Answer 29

``` cardiac output (HR + SV) Vascular resistance ```

Question 30

Vascular tone and blood volume is controlled by... x3

Answer 30

Kidney: sodium, renin-angiotensis system Adrenals: aldosterone Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 31

BP Medications

Answer 31

ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor blocker | Diuretics

Question 32

Malignant hypertension = __ / __ | General treatment recommendations

Answer 32

>200 / >120 | Eat healthy, quit smoking, exercise, medicate

Question 33

Hypertension without treatment will cause __% of ischemic heart disease (MI)/ Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) __ will die of a stroke

Answer 33

HTN will cause 50% of MI/ CHF | 1/3 will die of a stroke

Question 34

__% of US adults have HTN | T/F: It is insidious, asymptomatic

Answer 34

25% of US adults have HTN | True