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MODULE 18 - Ruminant Production > PATHOLOGY - Commercial Layer Flocks > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Commercial Layer Flocks Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Which diseases are particularly prevelant in commercial layer flocks?

A

Infectious bronchitis (IB)
Avian metapneumovirus (aMNV)
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)
Mycoplasma
E. coli peritonitis syndrome
Pasteurellosis
Erysipelas
Endoparasites

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2
Q

Which pathogen causes infectious bronchitis in poultry?

A

Coronavirus

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3
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis (IB) in poultry

A

Coronavirus infects the tracheal mucosa and depending on the degree of local immunity and virulence of the virus, the virus may invade the bloodstream and spread to the oviducts and kidneys

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4
Q

How is coronavirus shed in poultry?

A

Respiratory secretions
Faeces

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious bronchitis (IB)?

A

Decreased egg yield
Thin shelled, pale, misshapen eggs
Respiratory signs
Renal signs
Clinical signs of blind/internal layers

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6
Q

How can you diagnose infectious bronchitis (IB)?

A

Clinical signs
Post mortem (PM)
RT-PCR

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7
Q

Which samples can be used for RT-PCR to diagnose infectious bronchitis (IB) in poultry?

A

Tracheal swabs
Cloacal swabs

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8
Q

How can you prevent infectious bronchitis (IB)?

A

Environmental management
Biosecurity
Vaccination

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9
Q

Why is regular re-vaccination required for infectious bronchitis (IB) in poultry?

A

Regular re-vaccination when the birds are in lay is required as the vaccines only provide short-term local immunity and tracheal mucosal defence. It is also important to use vaccines designed for a range of variants

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10
Q

How is avian metapneumovirus shed?

A

Avian metapneumovirus is shed in the respiratory secretions

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian metapneumovirus?

A

Asymptomatic
Decreased egg yield
Thin shelled, pale, misshapen eggs
‘Swollen head syndrome’

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12
Q

What are the key features of ‘swollen head syndrome’ as a result of avian metapneumovirus?

A

Swollen head
Sinusitis
Frothy eyes
Nasal discharge
Torticollis/stargazing

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13
Q

How can you diagnose avian metapneumovirus?

A

Clinical signs
Post mortem (PM)
RT-PCR

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14
Q

Which samples can be used for RT-PCR to diagnose avian metapneumovirus?

A

Tracheal swabs
Cloacal swabs

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15
Q

How can you prevent avain metapneumovirus?

A

Environmental management
Biosecurity
Vaccination

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16
Q

What is the vaccination protocol for avian metapneumovirus in poultry?

A

Two live vaccinations during rearing followed by a killed vaccination during the transition to laying

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17
Q

Which pathogen causes infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in poultry?

A

Herpesvirus which causes a latent infection which can re-emerge in response to immunosuppression

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in poultry?

A

Respiratory distress
Neck stretching
Haemorrhagic, mucoid, respiratory secretions
Dull
Reduced egg yield
Sudden death

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19
Q

How can you control infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)?

A

Environmental management
Biocsecurity
Vaccination

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20
Q

What is the vaccination protocol for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in poultry?

A

Single live vaccine during rearing

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21
Q

What are the two main species of mycoplasma in chickens and turkeys?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma synovia

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens?

A

Reduced flock performance

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys?

A

Sinusitis
Conjunctivitis

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma synovia in chickens?

A

Lameness
Reduced flock performance
Glassy topped eggs

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25
How can you diagnose mycoplasma in poultry?
Serology (if no vaccines used) PCR
26
How can you control mycoplasma?
Biosecurity Antibiotics Vaccination
27
What should you be aware of if vaccinating mycoplasma?
Killed vaccines can be used to reduce clinical signs however do not prevent latent infection and vertical transmission. Live vaccines can be used to prevent infection with mycoplasma however require eye drop administration which can be labour intensive
28
What is the main cause of mortality in commercial layer flocks in the UK?
E. coli peritonitis syndrome
29
When does E. coli peritonitis syndrome typically occur in laying flocks?
When layer hens reach peak production Older layer hens
30
Why is E.coli peritonitis syndrome more prevelant when layer hens reach peak production?
E. coli peritonitis syndrome is more prevelant when layer hens reach peak production as they are under increased metabolic and physiological stress
31
Why is E.coli peritonitis syndrome more prevelant in older layer hens?
E. coli peritonitis syndrome is more prevelant in older layer hens as there is an age-related decline in immunity, and increased levels of vent pecking which can be a predisposing factor for E. coli infection
32
Describe the pathogenesis of E. coli peritonitis syndrome
E. coli peritonitis sydrome is caused by infection via the respirtory tract or via the vent with either avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) which can affect both healthy and immunocomprimised birds, or opportunistic E. coli infections which infect immunocomprimised birds. Once the E. coli has infected the respiratory tract, it can enter the bloodstream and cause septicaemia, peritonitis, airsacculitis and death
33
What are the risk factors for E.coli peritonitis syndrome?
Other respiratory pathogens Poor ventilation Stressed flock Internal layers Vent pecking Poor gastrointestinal health as this will increase shedding of E. coli in the faeces
34
How can you diagnose E. coli peritonitis syndrome?
History and clinical signs Bacteriology
35
How can you control E. coli peritonitis syndrome?
Correct risk factors Antibiotics Vaccination
36
What is another name for pasteurellosis in poultry?
Fowl Cholera
37
Which pathogen causes pasteurellosis in poultry?
Pasteurella multocida | Remember P. multocida is a commensal of livestock, rodents, cat etc. ## Footnote Gram negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria
38
What are the clinical signs of peracute pasteurellosis in poultry?
Sudden death
39
What are the clinical signs of acute pasteurelloisis in poultry?
Dull Anorexia Diarrhoea Cyanosis Mucoid respiratory discharges
40
What are the clinical signs of chronic pasteurellosis in poultry?
Dull Swollen wattles Lameness Torticollis Conjunctivitis Dyspnoea
41
What are the post mortem (PM) features of peracute and acute pasteurellosis in poultry?
Congested carcase Petechiae Liver necrotic foci Pulmonary oedema
42
What are the post mortem (PM) features of chronic pasteurellosis in poultry?
Swollen wattles Caseous necrotic joint lesions Hepatitis Pneumonia
43
How can you definitively dignose pesteurellosis in poultry?
Bacteriology is required for definitive diagnosis of pasteurellosis in poultry
44
How can you control pasteurellosis?
Antibiotics Depopulation Vaccination
45
What are the limitations of antibiotics to control pasteurellosis in poultry?
Antibiotics only reduce the mortality of pasteurellosis in the short term and the disease usually recurs
46
Which antibiotics would be appropriate for pasteurellosis?
Tetracyclines
47
(T/F) Erysipelas is zoonotic
TRUE.
48
Which pathogen causes erysipelas in poultry?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae | E. rhusiopathiae is a reservoir in pigs, sheep, rodents and soil ## Footnote Gram positive, non-beta lactatamase producting bacteria
49
How does erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause infection in poultry?
Infect via skin lesions Consumption of infected material Red mite vectors
50
What are the clinical signs of acute erysipelas in poultry?
Sudden death
51
How can you definitively diagnose erysipelas in poultry?
Bacteriology is required for a definitive diagnosis of erysipelas in poultry
52
How can you control erysipelas in poultry?
Antibiotics Vaccination
53
Which antibiotic is appropriate for treating erysipelas in poultry?
Penicillin
54
What are the limitations of using antibiotics to control erysipelas in poultry?
Antibiotics only reduce the mortality of pasteurellosis in the short term and the disease usually recurs
55
What are the three main endoparasites which affect poultry flocks?
Heterakis Ascardis Capillaria
56
Where are heterakis found within poultry?
Adult heterakis are found in the caeca of poultry
57
What is the pathological significance of heterakis in poultry?
Heterakis transmits the protozoal parasite histomonas meleagridis which causes liver pathology and high mortality - a disease known as 'black head'
58
What is the typical signalement for ascarids in poultry?
Clinical signs of ascarids typically present in poultry less than 3 months old
59
What are the clinical signs of ascarids in poultry?
Inappetence Reduced growth rate Reduced egg quality Diarrhoea Dehydration
60
What is the most important capillaria species seen in poultry?
Capillaria obsignata
61
What are the clinical signs of capillaria obsignata?
Weight loss Diarrhoea Regurgitations Anaemia Oral necrotic plaques
62
How can you control endoparasites in poultry?
Faecal egg counts every 4 - 6 weeks and treat with anthelmintics based on results Routine anthelmintics every 8 - 12 weeks
63
Which anthelmintic drugs are licensed in poultry and have zero egg withdrawal?
Fenbendazole Flubendazole
64
What is brachspira?
Brachspira is a protozoa
65
What are the clinical signs of brachspira?
Frothy faeces Reduced egg yield Weight loss
66
How can you diagnose brachspira?
Microscopic examination of fresh droppings from affected birds Culture PCR

MODULE 18 - Ruminant Production (30 decks)

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