Pathology Endocrine system Flashcards
what are examples of lipid soluble hormones
estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, thyroxine (T4)
what are examples of peptide hormones
insulin
GH
epinephrine
what is the adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary
derived from Rathke’s pouch (epithelial tissue, ectoderm)
anterior pituitary acidophils
GH
prolactin
basophils of anterior pituitary
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
what are the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary
Somatotrophs- GH Lactotrophs- prolactin Corticotrophs- make ACTH, MSH Thyrotrophs- TSH Gonadotrophs- FSH, LH
what is the neurohypophysis and what is it formed from
posterior pituitary formed from the outpouching of floor of 3rd ventricle, from diencephalon
This
granulomatous thyroiditis
These patients have medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, pheochromocytomas, and parathyroid
adenomas.
MEN type II A
what receptor signalling pathway do LH, FSH, TSH, Glucagon, PTH, ACTH, GHRH, CRH use
Galpha stimulatory
Stimulates adenylyl cyclase, causing increased cAMP formation
what receptor signalling pathways does somatostatin use
G alpha inhibitor
Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, decreasing cAMP formation; opens cardiac K+ channels decreasing heart rate
What receptor and signalling pathway does TRH and GnRH use
G alpha q
Activates phospholipase C, increasing production of inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and cytoplasmic Ca2+
what type of receptors do GH and prolactin use
Cytokine receptor linked kinase
Lack intrinsic enzyme activity
When occupied, cytokine receptors associate with and activate cytosolic kinases
what are the mediators that are stimulated by TSH
thyroxine
triiodothyronine
all of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones act through what type of receptors except two….
1All of these anterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones act through G protein-coupled receptors exceptgrowth hormoneand prolactin, which act through JAK/STAT receptors.
adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, GI (steatorrhea, gallstones) and cardiac effects (sinus bradycardia, conduction disturbances)
somatostatin analogs
what is more effective… .somatostatin analogs or pegvisomant
pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)
MEN I
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pancreas
MEN 2A
Parathyroid
Pheo
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
MEN 2B
Pheo
Oral (mucosal neuroma)
Marfanoid
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
what happens to potassium levels with diabetic ketoacidosis
hyperkalemia
shift from intraceullar to extracellular compartments
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
primary adrenal insufficiency
mutation in AIRE
childhood presentation
Autoimmune cause of hypoparathryoidism
mutation -gain of function- in CASR gene that acts now with heightened Ca sensing leading to decreased PTH, hypocalcemia and increased serum phosphorous
Auto dominant genetic cause of hypoparathyroidism
PTH tissue resistance
pseduohypoparathyroidism
