PATHOLOGY EXAM 3 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What color is bilirubin?
A
Yellow green
2
Q
HOW CAN YOU ALTER DNA?
A
SPONTANEOUS
IONIZING RADITION AND UVB
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
3
Q
MONOPHASIC DEGENERATION
A
ALL CELLS LOOK THE SAME
TRAUMA
EXERTION/CAPTURE
SINGLE TOXIN EXPOSURE
4
Q
Breeds prone to reactive systemic amyloidosis
A
Sharpeis and abyssynian cats
5
Q
Rhabdomyomas or sarcomas are neoplasms of skeletal muscle derived from what
A
Multipotent stem cells
6
Q
Tumors of glands
A
Adeno-
7
Q
Intramuscular hemorrhage
A
Trauma, rodenticide, penetrating wounds, fracture
8
Q
Processing of hemoglobin to bilirubin to excretion
A
Hemoglobin… heme… bilirubin..blood..liver…bile…excreted in feces
9
Q
Tumors derived from more that one lineage
A
Example ovarian teratoma
10
Q
Name the three pigments/ tissue deposits found in skeletal muscle
A
Lipofuscin, dystrophic calcification (fault of tissue itself), exogenous pigments
11
Q
Malignant growth of oral mucosa
A
Oral papillocarcinoma
12
Q
Tumors of melanocytes
A
Benign melanocytoma
Malignant melanoma
13
Q
Leukemia
A
Circulating neoplastic blood cells
14
Q
Muscle infarction
A
Lack of blood supply to the muscle
15
Q
Where can amyloid be found?
A
- Endocrine - accumulation in islets of pancreas
- Plasma cell tumor
- Reactive systemic amyloidosis result of chronic inflammation… accumulation in kidneys, liver, spleen, and LN
16
Q
Malignancy of lung alveoli
A
Pulmonary carcinoma
17
Q
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES CAN CAUSE
A
CACHEXIA, HYPERCALCEMIA, HYPOGLYCEMIA, SKELETAL VASCULAR NEUROLOGIC AND CUTANEOUS EFFECTS
18
Q
Malignant growth of perianal gland
A
Perianal adenocarcinoma
19
Q
PARNEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
A
INDIRECT AND USUALLY REMOTE EFFECTS CAUSED BY TUMOR CELL PRODUCTS RATHER THAN THE PRIMARY TUMOR AND ITS METASTASIS
20
Q
Cellular criteria of malignancy
A
Poor differentiation, anaplasia/atypia, pleiomorphic- cells variable in appearance, anisokaryosis- variation in cell size and nucleus size, nuclear hyperchromasia- increase in color and purple ness, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent multiple nucleoli, multiple nuclei, abnormal MITOTIC figures
21
Q
Malignancy of bile duct cholangiocytes
A
Cholangiocarcinoma
22
Q
MDX for neoplasm
A
Location/organ + prefix- tissue of origin + suffix- benign or malignant (oma, sarcoma mesenchymal carcincoma epithelial)
23
Q
Ectopic development
A
Development in abnormal location
24
Q
Atrophy in skeletal muscle
A
Disuse and aging- symmetrical and systemic
CACHEXIA and malnutrition- symmetrical and systemic
Endocrine Disease- symmetrical and systemic
Denervation- unilateral
25
Cyst
Fluid filled pocket surrounded by epithelium
26
HISTO FINDINGS OF DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
NO STRIATIONS, BREAKDOWN OF SARCOPLASM, SWELLING, HYPEREOSINOPHILIC-BRIGHT PINK, CENTRALIZATION OF NUCLEI, CALCIFICATION
27
Example of self sufficient growth in neoplasia
CKIT in mast cell tumors
Tyrosine kinase activated all the time, production of growth factors, receptors for growth factors, proteins allow entry into cell cycle
28
Malignancy of endothelial cells in liver
Hepatic hemangiosarcoma
29
Trichinella
Only see eosinophilic inflammation if worms die
30
GENOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN
DIRECT DAMAGE TO DNA
31
POLYPHASIC MUSCLE DEGENERATION DUE TO
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY- VITE/SELENIUM- WHITE MM DZ
ONGOING TOXICITY
GENETIC DEFECT
32
Malignant tumor of muscular wall of intestines
Intestinal lyomyosarcoma
33
Calcinosis cutis
Widespread mineralization of dermal collagen and epidermal basement membrane
Cushings Disease hyperadrenocorticism
34
Hemosiderin
Brown yellow
| Due to RBCS turnover and breakdown
35
Malignancy of prostate
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
36
Lymphatic spread
Pattern dictated by lymphoid drainage
| Carcinomas
37
Widespread hemosiderin pigmentation
Hemolysis
| Inherited fe disorders
38
Benign growth of mandible
Mandibular osteoma
39
Malignant growth of maxilla
Maxillary osteosarcoma
40
What is amyloid?
Stacked beta pleated sheets that compress adjacent tissues within extracellular space
Can be made of different monomers
Leads to atrophy
41
Myocyte hypertrophy
Exercise conditioning
| Compensation.. decrease in size of functional myocytes increases workload of remaining cells
42
Polydactyly, polymelia
Extra digits, extra limbs
43
Carbon deposits
Anthracosis
| Deposits in lungs due to inhalation
44
Melanin
Black brown fine granules
45
MITOGENIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
INCREASES CELL PROLIFERATION WITHOUT CELL INJURY
46
ROUND CELL TUMORS
PLASMA CELL TUMOR, HISTIOCYTOMA, MAST CELL TUMOR, LYMPHOMA
47
Malignant tumor of lining of bladder
Bladder urothelial carcinoma
48
Benign growth of oral mucosa
Oral or mucocutaneous papilloma
49
Compartment syndrome
In mm tightly wrapped in fascia.. muscle swells with use but is confined..impedes blood supply...ischemia.. infarction
50
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
AFLATOXIN
| BRACKEN FERN
51
CYTOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
INCREASE CELL PROLIFERATION DUE TO CELL INJURY
52
CRITERIA FOR MALIGNANCY
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIATION
INVASION
MITOTIC RATE
ANAPLASIA
53
Both intravascular and extravascular mechanisms can lead to hyperbilirubinemia t/f
True
54
Pituitary cyst causes...
Dwarfism
55
Cushings Disease
Endocrine Disease- thinning hair coat, potbelly, CACHEXIA
56
Malignant tumor of kidney tubule
Renal adenocarcinoma
57
Clinical evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia
1. CBC- decreased RBCS and anemia = prehepatic
2. Blood chemistry- increased liver enzymes= hepatic or posthepatic
3. Dx imaging= hepatic or post hepatic
4. UA- blood in urine= prehepatic
58
MECHANISMS OF NEOPLASIA
MUTATIONS- CHANGES IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
CHROMOSOME ALTERATIONS
EPIGENETIC CHANGES- CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION BUT NOT IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
59
Tumors derived from osteoblasts
Osteo-
60
Malignant growth of spleen
Splenic hemangiosarcoma
61
GRANULOMATOUS MYOSITIS
MACROPHAGES, FUNGUS, MYCOBACTERIUM
| RARE
62
Insensitivity to growth inhibition signaling in neoplasia
Need two recessive mutations in tumor suppressor gene
When tumor suppressor gene absent cells become insensitive and continually divide
Example P53
63
NECROTIC/HEMORRHAGIC MYOSITIS
CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVEI “BLACK LEG” ,C. SEPTICUM
64
Tumor derived of lymphocytes
Lymphoma no such thing as benign
65
Posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Most severe
Reflux of conjugated bilirubin in blood
Biliary rupture or obstruction and cholestasis
66
Sarcocystis
Do not see eosinophilic inflammation
67
POLYMYOSITIS
INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE THROUGHOUT THE BODY
68
Erythropoietic poryphria
Lack of enzyme for heme synthesis
Porphyrin in dentin and bone
Porphyrin is pink and fluoresces in UV light
69
Tophi
Granulomatous inflammation surrounding uric acid deposits
70
ACQUIRED SOMATIC MUTATIONS
OCCUR IN INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND PROGENY
| ACCUMULATION OVER TIME
71
Ectopic chordis
Heart develops outside the thoracic cavity
72
Why is my urine red?
Hemoglobin- serum will be red/ pink
RBCS use urine sedimentation to identify
Myoglobin- serum is clear
73
PREDISPOSED BREEDS TO HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA
BERNSE MOUNTAIN DOG, FLAT COATED RETRIEVER
74
Hematogenous spread
Uses vascular system
Sarcomas
Veins >arteries
75
Malignant Tumor of lining of intestines
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
76
DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MM GROSS FINDINGS
PALE, DRY, FRIABLE, REPLACEMENT OF STRIATIONS WITH FAT
77
Normal triggers or apoptosis
DNA damage, nutrient loss, lack of growth factors, binding of death factors ie TNF, cytotic lymphocytes
78
IN CANCER CACHEXIA, METABOLISM DECREASES T/F
FALSE METABOLISM DOES NOT CHANGE
79
Skin + tumor from fibroblasts
Cutaneous fibroma
80
Vascular endothelium
Hemangio-
81
Tumors derived from keratinocytes
Papillo-
82
Gross appearance of hyperbilirubinemia
Icterus and jaundice in intima of blood vessels, sclera of eye, mucous membranes
83
Organotrophism
Bone metastasis from prostate and mammary carcinoma
| Metastasis to digits pulmonary carcinoma in cats
84
Invading cells must ..
Overcome passive growth pressure, loss of contact inhibition
Loosen cell junctions
Penetrate basement membrane
Migrate actively
85
GRADING CRITERIA
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTITATION
MITOTIC RATE
AMOUNT OF NECROSIS
INVASIVENESS
86
VIMENTIN AND CYTOKERATIN
VIMENTIN EXPRESSED BY SARCOMA
CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSED BY CARCINOMA
IHC- FLUORESCENT STAINING
87
Myasthenia gravis
Biochemical process that impacts muscle
Causes flaccid paralysis
Prevents acetylcholine from binding to receptor
88
Dystrophic calcification
Local deposition in area of injury
89
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS
BOVINE LEUKOSIS VIRUS
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
MAREKS DISEASE
90
Double muscling
Developmental anomaly
| Increase in number of myocytes
91
SOMATIC MUTATIONS ARE SPONTANEOUS WHY ARENT THEY ALL NEOPLASTIC?
DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
MUTATIONS LETHAL TO CELL USUALLY UNDERGO APOPTOSIS
MULTIPLE MUTATIONS NEEDED FOR CANCER
92
NEOPLASIA RESULTS FROM
HERITABLE CHANGES FROM CELL TO CELL
93
Laryngeal paralysis
Damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve
94
Flea allergy dermatitis
Hypermelanosis or hyperpigmentation
95
Metastatic calcification
Widespread deposition in otherwise normal tissue
96
Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Accelerated hemolysis overwhelms the liver
Black kidneys
Neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals- igg in colostrum attacks foals RBCS
97
Malignancy of hepatocytes
Hepatocellular carcinoma
98
Splay leg or swimmers syndrome
```
Disorder of growth called myofibular hypoplasia
Usually resolved on its own
Genetic predisposition
Primary spinal or neuromuscular disease
Underlying infection
Overfeeding
```
99
MALIGNANT HYPOTHERMIA- PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME
METABOLIC PREDISPOSITION
EXERCISE INTOLERANCE, MM WEAKNESS, ATROPHY, JOINT CONTRACTURES, ANGULAR DEFORMITIES, EXCESSIVE DROOLING, PROBLEMS EATING
POLYPHASIC
100
Neoplasms often have mutations that result in...
Deficient dna repair
Self sufficient growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibition
Evasion of apoptosis
101
Defective dna repair mechanisms of neoplasia
Abnormal cell checkpoints
Abnormal responses to dna damage
Leads to genetic instability, mutations to next generation, accumulation leads to neoplasia
102
Mast cell tumor
Grade I,II, III
| Lower grade less malignant
103
EOSINOPHILIC MYOSITIS
PROTOZOL/PARASITIC, IMMUNE MEDIATED (GREEN TISSUE TINGE)
104
Meningeal melanosis
Incidental finding
| ASYMPTOMATIC developmental anomaly
105
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME
PERIOSTEAL NEW GROWTH
LAMENESS UPON PRESENTATION
106
Parasite deposits
Colangitis = fluke exhaust
| Parasitic hematin
107
Pseudomelanosis
Post mortem bacterial breakdown producing H2S
108
Local hemosiderin pigmentation
Chronic congestion- volvulus, turnover
| Hemorrhage - bruise
109
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of plasma cells
110
LYMPHOCYTIC MYOSYTIS
IMMUNE MEDIATED INFLAMMATION
111
SOURCE OF NEOPLASIA
GERMLINE OR SOMATIC CELL MUTATION
112
Evasion of apoptosis of neoplasia
Malignant cells evade better than benign
Mutations dominant or recessive
Example- overexpression of bcl2 reduces apoptosis
113
Mannosidosis
Lysosomal storage Disease.. lack of enzyme leads to accumulation of substances that cause swelling of the neurons
114
Lysosomal storage Disease is round in what type of cells..
Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, neurons
115
Transcoelemic spread
Spread across body cavities or surfaces
Easiest method of spread
Mesothelioma, ovarian adenocarcinoma
Generally fatal
116
Stain amyloid with what ?
Congo red
117
Benign growth dermis of skin
Cutaneous/dermal hemangioma
118
Uric acid deposit
From breakdown of nucleic acids
Causes gout= accumulation within tissues
Chalky white foci
119
SUPPURATIVE MYOSITIS
NEUTROPHILS, PYOGENIC BACTERIA (T. PYOROGENES)
120
Hepatic bilirubinemia
```
Slowest onset
Hepatic insufficiency, damage, Disease
1. Decreased bilirubin
2. Decreased conjugation
3. Decreased secretion in bile
```
121
Hyperbilirubinemia
Too much bilirubin in blood
122
PREDISPOSED BREED TO MAST CELL TUMOR
BOXER, BULL DOG, RETRIEVER
123
MYOSITIS
MUSCLE INFLAMMATION
124
Amyloid gross appearance
Enlarged, firm, waxy
| Does not cause inflammation
125
Self sufficient growth signals of neoplasia
Dominant single mutation of protooncogene leads to oncogene expression
Oncogene produces similar products but constitutive expression results in uncontrolled proliferation
126
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth
Unregulated proliferation
Irreversible
127
CONGENTIAL NEOPLASIA
OLDER PARENTS, IN EGG OR SPERM, IN UTERO
EXAMPLES- NEPHROBLASTOMA AND PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
128
Biochemical process that impacts muscle
No pathology!
Botulism
Prevents release of acetylcholine
129
You can use fat to assess jaundice in livestock t/f
False especially in livestock just no
130
DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MDX
RHABDOMYOSIS
MYONECROSIS
ZENKERS NECROSIS
SKELETAL MUSCLE DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS
131
Carentoid pigment
Yellow pigment
| VitA accumulation in fatty tissues
132
Lipofuscin
Fine golden granule
From organelle breakdown
Wear and tear
Long lived cells- neurons, cardiac, skeletal muscle
133
To determine rhabdomyomas histologically
Nuclear rowing, strap cells, cross STRIATIONS with Ptah staining, ihc of myoglobin or desmin to identify muscle tissue
134
white muscle disease is caused by
nutritional deficiency of selenium and vitamin E
