Pathology Malignancy Flashcards by stephanie segura

BCL-2

Antiapoptotic molecule

Follicular [t(18:14)] and undifferentiated lymphomas

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BRAF

Serine/ threonine kinase

Melanoma, nonHodgkins lymphoma

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c-Kit

Cytokine receptor

Gastrointestinal stromatolites tumor (GIST)

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c-myc

Transcription factor

Burkitt lymphoma t(8:14)

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HER2/neu

Tyrosine kinase

Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinoma

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L-myc

Transcription factor

Lung tumor

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N-myc

Transcription factor

Neuroblastoma

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RAS

GTPase

Colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

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RET

Tyrosine kinase

MEN 2A and 2B, medullary thyroid cancer

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Oncogenes

Gain function, inc risk of cancer

Need damage to only one allele

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Tumor suppression genes

Loss of function, inc risk of cancer. Both alleles must be lost for expression of disease.

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APC

Colorectal cancer (ass. with FAP)
Risk: diet high in cholesterol, carbs, and low fiber.

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BRCA1/BRCA2

DNA repair protein

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer

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DCC

“DCC- Deleted in Colon Cancer”

Colon cancer

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DPC4/SMAD4

“DPC- Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer”

Pancreatic cancer

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MEN1

MEN1- parathyroid, pituitary tumors, pancreatic endocrine tumor
Menin

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NF1

Neurofibromatosis type 1

Ras GTPase activating protein

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NF2

Neurofibromatosis type 2

Merlin (schwannomin) protein

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p16

Cyclic dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

Melanoma

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p53

Transcription factor for p21, blocks G1-S phase
Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Liver and colon cancer

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PTEN

Breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer

Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

Inhibits E2F; blocks G1- S phase

TSC1

Tuberous sclerosis

Hamartin protein

TSC2

Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberin protein

VHL

von Hipple Lindau disease (hamangioblastomas), renal cell carcinoma Inhibits hypoxia inducible fx 1a

WT1/WT2

Wilms Tumor- common renal malignancy of early childhood. Chromosome 11, smooth unilateral

Alkaline phosphatase

Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma.

Tumor markers

Monitor tumor recurrence and response to therapy

Alpha- fetoprotein

Hepatocellular carcinoma, heptoblastoma, yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor, mixed germ cell tumor

Beta-hCG

Hydatidform moles and choriocarcinoma, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor

CA 15-3/ CA27-29

Breast cancer

CA 19-9

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

CA 125

Ovarian cancer

Calcitonin

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

CEA

Carcinoembryonic antigen. Very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers! also produced by gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinoma

Chromogranin

Neuro endocrine tumors, carcinoid

PSA

Prostatic specific antigen. Prostate cancer | Can be elevated in BPH, and prostatitis

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus)

Liver | Hepatocellular carcinoma

Alkylating agents

Blood | Leukemia/ lymphoma

Aromatic amines

Bladder | Transitional cell carcinoma

Arsenic

Liver- angiosarcoma Lung- lung cancer Skin- squamous cell carcinoma

Asbestos

Lung | Bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma

Carbon tetrachloride

Liver | Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

Cigarette smoke

Bladder- transitional cell carcinoma Cervix-cervical carcinoma Esophagus- squamous cell carcinoma/ adenocarcinoma Kidney- renal cell carcinoma Larynx- squamous cell carcinoma Lung- squamous cell carcinoma and small cell Lung

Pancreas

Pancreatic thyroid carcinoma

Ethanol

Esophagus- squamous cell carcinoma | Liver- hepatocellular carcinoma

Ionizing radiation

Thyroid- papillary thyroid carcinoma

Nitrosamines ( smoked foods)

Stomach- gastric cancer

Radon

Lung- lung cancer

Vinyl chloride

Liver- angiosarcoma

BCR-ABL

Gene product: tyrosine kinase | Associated Tumor: CML, ALL