Pathology- MSK pathology Flashcards by Jenna Dymond

Q

in which phase of fracture healing would a haemotoma be seen?

a. initial phase
b. soft provisional callous
c. bony callous
d. final phase

A

a.initial phase

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Q

a connective tissue mass of a haemorrhagic bony and cartilaginous material that attempts to repair a gap in broken bone refers to what structure?

a. heamotoma
b. fracture callus
c. ulcer
d. granulation tissue

A

b.fracture callus

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Q

in which week of fracture healing is the initial phase

a. week 2
b. week 1
c. weel 3

A

b.week 1

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Q

in week 1 which phase of fracture healing would occur?

a. soft provisional callous
b. bony callus
c. initial phase

A

c.initial

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Q

in week 2 which phase of fracture healing would occur?

a. soft provisional callous
b. bony callus
c. initial phase

A

a.soft provisional callous

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Q

in week 3 and 4 which phase of fracture healing would occur?

a. soft provisional callous
b. bony callus
c. initial phase

A

b.bony callus

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Q

which phase of fracture healing occurs at week 3 and 4?

a. soft provisional callous
b. bony callus
c. initial phase

A

b.bony callus

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Q

microragph shows granulation tissue, immature cartilaginous matrix and immature new bone. which phase of fracture healing is this?

a. soft provisional callous
b. bony callus
c. initial phase

A

a.soft provisional callus

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Q

which cells produce the immature cartilaginous matrix?

a. osteocytes
b. chondrocytes
c. osteoblasts
d. osteoclasts

A

b.chondrocytes

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Q

a proliferation of new small blood vessels is known as a..

a. haemotoma
c. soft provisional callous
d. granulation tissue
e. immature cartilaginous matrix

A

d.granulation tissue

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Q

which type of ossification transforms new cartilage into bone?

a. intramembraneous
b. endpchondral

A

b.endochondral

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Q

what is the final stage of fracture healing?

a. soft callous
b. bony callous
c. remodelling

A

c.remodelling

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Q

A 9 year old girl sustains a fracture of radius and ulna in a road traffic collision. 
She is treated with a plaster of Paris.
Which is the correct sequence of events in fracture healing?
a) Soft callus, bony callus, remodelling
b) Bony callus, soft callus, remodelling
c) Remodelling, soft callus, bony callus
d) Remodelling, bony callus, soft callus
e) Soft callus, remodelling, bony callus

A

a. soft callus, bony callus, remodelling

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Q

patient has arthiritis. which of these is the most suitable description?

a. infection of a bone
b. pain/inflammation of a joint
c. pain/inflamation of a bone

A

b. pain/inflammation of a joint

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Q

what type of arthiritis is most common?

a. rheumatoid
b. osteo
c. reactive
d. psoriatic

A

b.osteo

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Q

what is the biggest risk factor for osteoarthiritis?

a. old age
c. family history
d. overweight
e. previous injury

A

a.old age

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Q

old age, genetics, previous injury and which other factor increases risk of osteoarthiritis?

a. hypertension
b. diabetes
c. overweight
d. underweight

A

c.overweight

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Q

which of these is not a role of articular cartilage?

a. shock absorption
b. weight distribution
c. joint movement
d. joint restriction

A

d.joint restriction

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Q

patient has x ray of arthiritic joint. x ray shows considerable loss of cartilage, wear particles, synovium thickening, capsule disturbances of subchondral bone and growth of osteophytes at margins of the joint. which type of arthiritis does this indicate?

a. osteo
b. rheumatoid
c. psoriatic
d. reactive

A

a.osteo

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Q

in osteorarthiritis what happens to the synovium?

a. thickens
b. gets thinner
c. swollen inflammed synovium

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A

a.thickens

Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of osteoarthiritis on x ray?

a. asymmetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis and subchondral cysts
b. symetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, subchondral cysts
c. asymetric joint space widening, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, subchondral cysts

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A

a.asymmetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis and subchondral cysts

Q

how do osteophytes appear on x ray?

a. bright white line
b. darkened round shape
c. extra bone on edge of joint

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A

c.extra bone on end of joint

Q

how does subchondral scleoris appear on x ray?

a. bright white line
b. darkened round shape
c. extra bone on edge of joint

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A

a.bright white line

hardened bone

Q

how do subchindral cysts appear on x ray?

a. bright white line
b. darkened round shape
c. extra bone on edge of joint

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A

b.darkened round shape in bone

x ray shows asymetric joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchindral sclerosis and subchondral cysts. what type of arthiritis most likely? a. rheumatoid b. osteo c. reactive

b.osteoarthiritis

A 78 year old woman has left sided chronic hip pain. A plain x-ray of the hip shows features of osteoarthritis. Which best describes the pathophysiology? a) Reduction in bone density b) Granulomatous inflammation c) Wear and tear degeneration of articular cartilage d) Chronic autoimmune synovitis e) Intra-articular crystal deposition

c. wear and tear, degeneration of articular cartilage

which best describes the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthiritis ? a. autoimmune disease affecting joints primarly can involve other organs eg. eyes, lungs, heart, BV and skin b. allergic reaction affecting joints primarily, can involve other organs eg eyes, lungs, heart, BV and skin c. autoimmune disease affecting bones primarily can involve ither organs eg eyes, lungs, heart, BV and skin d. wear and tear, articular cartilage degeneration

a.autoimmune disease affecting joints primarly can involve other organs eg. eyes, lungs, heart, BV and skin

patient with pain in joints. arthiritis suspected. x ray shows bone erosion, swollen inflamed synovial membrane, worn cartilage and reduced joint space. which type of arthiritis most likley? a. rheumatoid b. osteo c. reactive

a.rheumatoid

rheumatoid factor is directed against immunoglobulin igG. what type of antibody is rheumatoid factor? a. IgM antibody b. IgM auto antibody c. IgM antigen d. Igm immunoglobulin

b.IgM auto antibody

what is rehumatoid factor directed against? a. IgM auto antibody b. IgA immunoglobulin c. IgG antibody d. immunoglobulin IgG

d. immunoglobulin IgG

A 35 year old woman has chronic symmetrical joint pain affecting numerous joints and rheumatoid arthritis is considered the most likely clinical diagnosis. Which auto-antibodies are most likely to be present? a) Anti smooth muscle b) Anti nuclear c) Anti cyclic citrullinated peptide d) Anti smooth muscle e) Anti mitochondrial

c,anti cyclic citrullinated

patient presents with inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues. Investigations indicate the cause as deposits of urate crystals. what condition is the most likley diagnosis? a. rheumatoid arthiritis b. gout c. benign bone tumour c. osteoarthiritis

b.gout

breakdown of RNA, DNA and which other substance produces uric acid? a. pyrimidines b. purines c. bases d. proteins

b.purines

where is uric acid excreted? a. kidneys and GI tract b. liver and kidneys c. liver and GI tract d. liver and bladder

a.kidneys and gI tract

patient diagnosed with gout. caused by deposits of urate crystals. which of these cannot cause increased uric acid levels? a. food high in purines b. kidney disease c. alcohol d. diuretics e. statins

e.statins

``` A 56 year old man has an acutely painful left great toe and a diagnosis of gout is suspected. Which serum test is most likely to be diagnostic? a) Uric acid b) Lactate dehydrogenase c) Alcohol d) Albumin e) Copper ```

a.uric acid

patient has a benign surface bone forming tumour. what would this be classified as? a. enchondroma b. osteochondroma c. osteoma d. osteosacoma e. chondrosarcoma

c.osteoma

patient has a benign cartilage forming forming tumour in the medullary cavity of bone. what would this be classified as? a. enchondroma b. osteochondroma c. osteoma d. osteosacoma e. chondrosarcoma

a.enchondroma

patient has a benign surface bone forming tumour with a cartilaginous cap. what would this be classified as? a. enchondroma b. osteochondroma c. osteoma d. osteosacoma e. chondrosarcoma

b.osteochondroma

A 36 year old man has a large painful bony swelling arising from the surface of his femur. It is excised and histology shows the lesion is composed of benign bony tissue with a surface benign cartilaginous cap. Which is the most likely diagnosis? a) Chondrosarcoma b) Enchondroma c) Osteoma d) Osteosarcoma e) Osteochondroma

e.osteochondroma

patient diagnosed with a primary malignant bone tumour. which of these tumour types most likley? a. enchondroma b. osteochondroma c. chondrosarcoma d. osteoma

c.chondrosarcoma

patient diagnosed with bone tumour. investiagtions show prescense of cancerous cells producing immature osteoid. which type of tumour would this most likely be? a. enchondroma b. osteochondroma c. chondrosarcoma d. osteoma e. osteosarcoma

e.osteosarcoma

patient age 15 with pain in distal femur/proximal tibia. suspected bone tumour. which type most likely? a. chondrosarcoma b. osteosarcoma c. osteochondroma d. enchondroma

b.osteosarcoma

what is the most common of the osteosarcoma? a. proximal femur, distal tibia b. distal femur, proximal tibia c. pelvis d. scapula

b.distal femur, proximal tibia

patient with bone tumour age 50. investigations show cancerous cells showing cartilaginous differentiation. what type of tumour most likely to be diagnosed? a. osteosarcoma b. osteochondroma c. enchondroma d. chondrosarcoma

d.chondrosarcoma

which of these are the correct common sites for chondrosarcoma? a. distal femur, proximal tibia b. pelvis, scapula, sternum, ribs, distal femur, proximal humerus c. pelvis, scapula, sternum, ribs,proximal femur, proximal humerus

c. pelvis, scapula, sternum, ribs,proximal femur, proximal humerus

which is most commonly diagnosed? a. osteosarcoma b. chondrosarcoma c. secondary carcinoma involving bone

c.secondary carcinoma involving bone

``` An 89 year old man has weight loss and bone pain. A biopsy of bone shows malignant epithelial cells arranged in glandular structures. Which diagnosis is most likely? a) Osteosarcoma b) Chondrosarcoma c) Metastatic adenocarcinoma d) Enchondroma e) Osteochondroma ```

c. metastatic adenocarcinoma