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Pathology (Neoplasia) Flashcards

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1
Q

Uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues

A

Cancer

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2
Q

What does Tumour mean?

A

Swelling

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3
Q

What does Neoplasia mean?

A

New Growth

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4
Q

If a neoplasm is malignant, what membrane does malignancy go beyond?

A

Malignancy goes beyond basement membrane (of epithelium)

metastases

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growthe

Growth is not in respense to a stimulus

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6
Q

What are the two “…asia”s associated with cancer?

A

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

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7
Q

What promotes cell growth?

A

Oncogenes

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8
Q

What “turns off” inhibition of cell growth?

A

Tumour suppressor genes

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9
Q

How do cancer cells avoid dying?

A

Evade apoptosis

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10
Q

Risk factors for cancer:

A 
Genes
Smoking
Alcohol
UV radiation
Other radiation
Drugs
Infections
Obesity
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11
Q

What type of genes are BRCA1 and BRCA1

A

Tumour suppressor genes

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12
Q

What is meant by “autosomal dominant”?

A

Only need one copy of faulty gene for it to have an effect

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13
Q

What type of cancer does a mutation in the APC gene cause?

A

Bowel cancer

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14
Q

What gene mutation cause what issues?

A 
P53 – Li Fraumeni
APC – FAP/Gardener’s
PTCH – Gorlin’s syndrome
PTEN – Cowden’s syndrome
RET – MEN1
MLH1 etc – HNPCC and Muir Torres
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15
Q

What chemicals are said to cause cancer?

A 
Smoking - >40 carcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Aflatoxin (fungus found on peanuts)
Beta-naphthylamine (chemical dyes)
Nitrosamines (food preservative)
Arsenic – skin cancer
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16
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with arsenic?

A

Skin cancer

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17
Q

Which types of cancer have been associated with smoking?

A

Lung (small cell and others)
Head and neck cancers
Bladder cancers
Cervical cancer (with HPV)

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18
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with aflatoxins (fungus on peanuts)?

A

Liver cancers

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19
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with dye?

A

Bladder cancers

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20
Q

What does UV radiation do to DNA?

A

Causes formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA

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21
Q

What is E7?

HPV

A

An oncogene product of HPV.

Promotes mitosis

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22
Q

What does E6 do?

A

Increases destruction of p53

prevents apoptosis of damaged cells

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23
Q

What does E7 do?

A 
Prevents retinoblastoma (RB) protein from acting
Therefore mitosis continues to be promoted
(Rb usually binds to E2F but when this is prevented, E2F is free of Rb and so E2F promotes transcription of DNA polymerase etc etc
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24
Q

What 2 things are damaging in HPV?

A

E6 - increases destruction of p53

E7 - prevents retinoblastoma (RB) protein from acting

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25
What is EBV?
Epstein-Barr Virus
26
What in the stomach can predispose to malignant changes?
Chronic gastritis
27
What hormone is cholesterol analagous to?
Oestrogen
28
"Malignant"=
Invasive and able to metastasise
29
"Dysplastic"=
Neoplastic. Benign. Premalignant
30
Tumours that grow successfully develop the ability to create their own blood supply What is this called?
Angiogenesis
31
Which two growth factors are involved in angiogenesis?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
32
What does Bevacizumab block?
``` VEGF receptor (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) ```
33
What does Imatinib block?
PDGF receptor | platelet derived growth factor receptor
34
Genes that promote growth | "turn on genes"
Oncogenes
35
Genes that slow growth | "turn off genes"
Tumour Suppressor genes
36
How does breaking the spell checker lead to cancer formation?
Allows accumulation of "spelling mistakes" in oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and those that avoid apoptosis, meaning these don't work properly and they can progress through the cell cycle with mistakes and cause problems.
37
"Only one mutation is requoired for cells to proliferate" | True or False?
False | More than one mutation needed for cells to proliferate
38
What mutation is involved in colon cancer?
APC mutation
39
The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence. What is meant by initiation?
1st mutation acquired Often oncogene, tumour suppressor, DNA repair, evasion of apoptosis Single cells/groups of cells
40
The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence. What is meant by promotion?
Further accumulation of mutations Additive effect Increased growth Often results in a “pre-malignant” phase - dysplasia
41
The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence. What is meant by persistence(/progression)?
Cell has developed mutations that allow it to grow in an autonomous fashion. Unregulated abnormal growth Cells have developed the ability to invade connective tissue and blood vessels Malignancy has been achieved
42
What are the three catagories of growth receptors?
1. Receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity 2. 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors 3. Receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
43
What is C-KIT?
Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR), also known as proto-oncogene c-Kit or tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117, is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene. Mutated in gastro-intestinal stromal tumours (GIST) and leukaemias.
44
Which gene is commonly mutated in gastro-intestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias? (what is a common therapeutic agent for this?)
C-KIT | Imatinub now common therapeutic agent
45
What genes (3) are GTP-binding?
KRAS, HRAS, NRAS
46
What inhibitor is licensed for melanoma treatment?
Vemurafanib
47
What type of mutation is 50% of melonomas?
RAF mutated
48
"RAF gene is upstream of RAS gene" | True or False?
False. | RAF is downstream of RAS gene
49
What is Myc?
One of the last points in the sequence | Myc is a nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth – DNA replication etc
50
What type of lymphoma can be diagnosed from a Myc translocation?
Burkitt Lymphoma (8;14)
51
What is the most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?
P13K
52
How many transmembrane G protein coupled receptors are there?
7
53
What does FAP stand for?
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
54
What are germline mutations?
A germline mutation is any detectable and heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring, while, on the other hand, those in somatic cells are not.
55
Can Non-intrinsic TK receptors autophosphorylate?
No. | They have to recruit something else to do it for them.
56
What type of malignancies are associated with JAK2?
Haematological malignancies
57
What type of protein is p53?
Tumour suppressor genes | it can initiate apoptosis if DNA abnormality cannot by repaired
58
What is the most commonly mutated protein across all cancers?
p53
59
What does p21 do?
Inhibitis CDK
60
What does p27 do?
Blocks CDK and cell progression
61
WHat does PTEN do?
Increases transcription of p27. P27 blocks CDKs and cell cycle progression Inhibits PI3K/AKT pathway we saw earlier Without PTEN and therefore p27 cells can proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion
62
Which (2) genes are commonly mutated in breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
63
What genes are involved in evasion of apoptosis?
p53 and BCL2
64
What does p53 increase levels of?
BAX (BAX stops BCL2, BCL2 is anti-apoptotic) (more apoptosis)
65
Follicular lymphoma is a tumour of the cells within the folice. How do these cells become malignant?
By avoiding apoptosis | They switch on Bcl-2 on chromosome 18
66
Ig_ turns on Bcl-2:
IgH
67
What does IgH do that can lead to follicular lymphoma?
IgH turns on Bcl-2
68
"slow growing lesions are usually benign" True/False
True
69
If a capsule has formed surrounding the growwing tussue, what does this imply about the growing tissue?
That it's slow growing (Capsules take time to form, suggesting that the lesion is slow growing) (Slow growing lesions are usually benign!)
70
What part of the body do mesenchymal tumours affect?
Connective tissue
71
What part of the body do haematopoietic tumours affect?
White cells etc
72
What type of cancer affects epithelial cells?
Carcinomas
73
What type of cancer affects glandular cells?
Adenocarcinoma
74
What type of cancer affects squamous cells?
Squamous cell carcinoma
75
What type of cancer affects the bladder?
Transitional cell carcinoma | sometimes called urothelial cell carcinoma
76
Whats the difference between adenoma and adenocarcinoma?
Adenoma - benign Adenocarcinoma - malignant (both affect glandular tissue)
77
Whats the difference between Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma?
Papilloma - benign Squamous Cell Carcinoma - malignant (both affect squamous cells)
78
What is a malignant Mesenchyme tumour called? | malignant tumours of connective tissues
Sarcomas
79
Benign tumours of fat
Lipoma
80
Malignant tumours of fat
Liposarcoma
81
Benign tumour of bone
Osteoma
82
Malignant tumour of bone
Osteosarcoma (rare)
83
Benign tumour of cartilage
Enchondroma
84
Malignant tumour of cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
85
Benign tumour of skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma (rare) (children)
86
Malignant tumour of skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma (rare) (eye, bile duct, gynae tract)
87
Benign tumour of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma | one of the most common tumours in the body
88
Name one of the most common (benign) tumours in the body
Leiomyoma | benign tumour of smooth muscle
89
Malignant tumour of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma | very uncommon
90
Benign tumour of nerves
Neurofibroma, Schwannoma
91
What is a Schwannoma?
A benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells
92
Malignant tumour of nerves
Malignat peripheral nerve sheath tumour
93
Benign tumour of blood vessels
Haemangioma
94
Malignant tumour of blood vessels
Aniosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma
95
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
A malignant tumour of the blood vessels, caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8
96
Tumours of the central nervous sytem
Gliomas
97
What are Gliomas?
Tumours of the central nervous sytem. | Range from benign version of a tumour to malignat version.
98
"All neoplasias of the blood are malignant" | True or False?
True | Leukaemias, Lymphomas
99
What does TNM staging involve?
Tumour? (T1-4) Node? Metastasis?
100
Keep Going! You can do this!
You go girl! You got this!
101
What negative affect can a brain tumour have?
Can affect heart rate, pressure in cerebrum increases, seizures, breathing centres in brain affected
102
What does "Cachexia" mean?
weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness (weight loss in cancer)
103
What can occur if tumour infiltrates blood vessels?
Haemorrhage
104
Why do tumours cause fever?
Abnormal production of endogenous "pyrogenes"
105
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