pathology of cardiovascular disease

Question 1

atherosclerosis is the

Answer 1

accumulation of fatty material, fibrous material and calcium, forming an atheroma or plaque

Question 2

An Atheroma forms beneath the endothelium (inner lining) of

Answer 2

of the artery wall

Question 3

as an atheroma grows, the artery

Answer 3

thickness and loses its elasticity

Question 4

an atheroma reduces the diameter of lumen of an artery,which

Answer 4

restricts blood flow and results in increased blood pressure

Question 5

atherosclerosis is the root cause of various cardiovascular diseases such as:

Answer 5

angina
heart attack
stroke
peripheral vascular disorders

Question 6

if an atheroma ruptures , the damage to the endothelium causes

Answer 6

clotting factors

Question 7

clotting factors cause the enzyme prothrombin to be converted

Answer 7

into its active form thrombin

Question 8

thrombin causes molecules of the double plasma protein fibrinogen to form

Answer 8

into its active form thrombin

Question 9

Fibrin threads form a meshwork that paletes adhere to , forming a blood clot, which

Answer 9

seals a wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

Question 10

thrombosis formation of

Answer 10

blood clot in a vessel

Question 11

if thrombosis breaks loose it forms

Answer 11

embolus

Question 12

thrombosis in a coronary artery can lead to a

Answer 12

myocardial infarction

Question 13

thrombosis in an artery in the brain can lead to a

Answer 13

stroke

Question 14

thrombosis normally results in the death of some of the tissue served by the blocked artery as the cells are

Answer 14

deprived of oxygen

Question 15

peripheral vascular disorder include narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries other than those of

Answer 15

the heart or brain

Question 16

blood clots can result in

Answer 16

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism

Question 17

DVT is the formation of a blood clot in deep vein, most commonly in the

Answer 17

lower part of the leg

Question 18

in DVT pain is experienced in the leg muscles due to a limited

Answer 18

supply of oxygen

Question 19

a pulmonary embolism is caused by part of a thrombus breaking free and travelling through the bloodstream to the pulmonary artery,where it can cause

Answer 19

blockage, resulting in chest pain and breathing difficulties

Question 20

cholesterol is composed of cell membrane and a precursor for

Answer 20

steroids synthesis

Question 21

mos cholesterol is synthesised by the liver from

Answer 21

saturated fats in the diet

Question 22

lipoproteins

Answer 22

contain lipid and protein

Question 23

high-density lipoproteins (HDL) transports cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination and

Answer 23

so prevents the accumulation of cholesterol in the blood.

Question 24

low density lipoprotein LDL transports

Answer 24

cholesterol to the body cells

Question 25

most cells have LDL receptors that take LDL into the cell, where it

Answer 25

releases cholesterol

Question 26

once a cell has sufficient cholesterol,

Answer 26

a negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors and so LDL circulates in the blood, which could cause atheromas

Question 27

familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is caused by an

Answer 27

autosomal dominant allele that results in individuals developing high levels of cholesterol

Question 28

The mutated gene involved in FH results in a decreased number or altered structure of ....... which stops the LDL from unloading its .....

Answer 28

LDL receptors on cell membranes, cholesterol into a cell

Question 29

genetic screening can be carried out to determine if the FH gene has been

Answer 29

inherited

Question 30

treatment of FH involves lifestyle modification and drugs such as

Answer 30

statins

Question 31

higher ratio of HDL to LDL results in

Answer 31

lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis

Question 32

regular physical activity tends to raise

Answer 32

HDL levels

Question 33

dietary changes aim to reduce the levels of total fat in the diet and to the replace

Answer 33

saturated with unsaturated fats

Question 34

drugs such as stains reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by

Answer 34

liver cells