Pathology of Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts

Answer 1

✓ patent ductus arteriosus
✓ atrial septal defect
✓ ventricular septal defect
✓ tetrad of fallot

Question 2

Etiologies of congenital cardiovascular anomalies;

Answer 2

1. Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts
2. Failure of Normal Valvular Development
3. Malpositioning of Great Vessels

Question 3

Failure of Normal Valvular Development;

Answer 3

✓ pulmonic stenosis
✓ subaortic stenosis
✓ endocardial cushion defects
✓ mitral and tricuspid malformations in cats

Question 4

Malpositioning of Great Vessels

Answer 4

✓ persistent right aortic arch
✓ transposition of aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 5

Specific Congenital Anomalies;

Answer 5

1. Patent ductus arteriosis
2. Persistent right aortic arch

Question 6

if PA- aorta shunt remains open, shunting usually occurs from left to right with resultant pulmonary hypertension. Inherited among POODLES, COLLIES, POMERANIANS

• Failure of the ducts arteriosis to close by 3 weeks- normally forms ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 6

Patent ductus arteriosis

Question 7

A right aorta, instead of the normal left arches over the origin of the right bronchus.

Answer 7

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

Question 8

(persistent foramen ovale) left to right shunting of blood (of clinical significance)

Answer 8

atrial septal defects

Question 9

Sites of the Major Cardiovascular Anomalies of the DOG.

Answer 9

AS- Aortic Stenosis
ASD- Atrial Septal Defect
PDA- Patent Ductus Arteriosis
PS- Pulmonic Stenosis
VSD- Ventricular Septal defect

Question 10

Subvalvular lesions are often more common. Irregular bands or ridge of fibrous tissue stretch across the subaortic endocardium

Answer 10

Aortic and Subaortic Stenosis

Question 11

May occur at the valve site with or without supra or subvalvular constriction. Leads to right ventricular hypertrophy. Most common in dogs; BULLDOGS, CHIHUAHUA, TERRIER TYPES

Answer 11

Pulmonary Stenosis

Question 12

Transposition Defects;

Answer 12

✓ Aorta and Pulmonary Artery leaving the right ventricle
✓ Aorta may straddle a septal defect and receive blood from both ventricles
✓ Eisenmengers Complex
✓ Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 13

whereby the aorta is dextroposed; there is a VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 13

Eisenmenger’s complex

Question 14

has the same defects as Einsenmenger’s complex except with the additional pulmonary stenosis

Answer 14

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 15

presternally or intrabdominally located heart. Common in CATTLE and PIGS.

Answer 15

Ectopia Cordis

Question 16

• Diffuse fibroelastic thickening of the left ventricular endocardium; necrosis and calcification of the adjacent myocardium.
• AV valves and chordae tendinae may be thickened
• Congenital form usually regarded as primary (BURMESE KITTEN). Secondary endocardial fibrosis may occur in mature animals

Answer 16

Endocardial Fibroelastosis

Question 17

Hematocyst on the margins of the AV valves may be seen in calves

Answer 17

Congenital hematomas

Question 18

Blood squirting produce valvular incompetence “jet lesions” and right atrial dilatation. May occur singly or in association with other defects such as transposition defects.

Answer 18

Ventricular Septal Defect

Question 19

Pathology (Ventricular Septal Defect)

Answer 19

1. Right ventricular hypertrophy
2. Pulmonary hypertension and edema

Question 20

Tetralogy of Fallot (Tetrad of Fallot)
(mnemonic acronym: ITPR)
Component Defects

Answer 20

1. Interventricular septal defect
2. Transposition of the aorta
3. Pulmonic stenosis
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 21

Eisenmenger’s Complex (similar with Tetrad of Fallot except no pulmonic stenosis). Component Defects;

Answer 21

1. Interventricular septal defect
2. Transposition of aorta
3. Right Ventricular hypertrophy

Question 22

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Right Sided Heart Failure
Causes;

Answer 22

1. Myocardial degeneration
2. Myocarditis
3. Cardiomyopathies
4. Congenital abnormalities
5. Cor pulmonale
6. Hydropericardium
7. Pericarditis
8. Failure of left side of the heart

Question 23

Congenital abnormalities

Answer 23

✓ Pulmonic valve stenosis
✓ Tricuspid valve insufficiency
✓ Interventricular septal defect

Question 24

edema due to increased venous pressure as;

Answer 24

✓ dependent edema in horse
✓ ascites in dog
✓ hydrothorax in cat

Question 25

Left Congestive Cardiac Failure Causes;

Answer 25

1. myocardial degeneration 2. myocarditis 3. cardiomyopathies 4. congenital abnormalities

Question 26

Congenital abnormalities (left congestive cardiac failure)

Answer 26

✓ aortic valve stenosis ✓ bicuspid valve insufficiency ✓ patent ductus arteriosis

Question 27

Associated Pathology of Damming back of blood in the lungs

Answer 27

1. pulmonary hypertension 2. cyanosis due to impaired gaseous exchange and diminished cardiac output 3. coughing and dyspnea 4. peripheral circulatory failure

Question 28

Pulmonary Hypertension leading to;

Answer 28

✓ alveolar edema ✓ interstitial edema ✓ hemosiderosis of lungs ✓ right sided heart failure due to back pressure on pulmonary arterial circulation

Question 29

am important age-related cardiac disease of dogs

Answer 29

valvular endocardiosis

Question 30

other name of valvular endocardiosis

Answer 30

valvular fibrosis and myxomatous or mucoid degeneration

Question 31

Valvular fibrosis and myxomatous or mucoid degeneration

Answer 31

- most common cause of congestive heart failure in old dogs - more frequent on the mitral that tricuspid valves

Question 32

- usually a bacterial infection. - lesions are large and generally present on valves - grossly, affected valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow to gray masses termed "vegetations" occluding valvular orifices

Answer 32

Endocarditis

Question 33

Chronic: Irregular nodular masses termed.

Answer 33

"verrucae" (wartlike lesions)

Question 34

a distinctive lesion common affecting left atrium associated with acute renal insufficiency in dogs

Answer 34

Ulcerative Endocarditis

Question 35

MYOCARDIAL DISEASES; Myocardial hypertrophy 2 Anatomic Forms:

Answer 35

1. Eccentric Hypertrophy 2. Concentric Hypertrophy

Question 36

enlarged cardiac chambers with normal to decreased wall thickness. Produced by lesions with increased blood volume (i.e valvular insufficiency and septal defects)

Answer 36

Eccentric Hypertrophy

Question 37

Char. by small cardiac chambers with thick walls. Results from lesions with increased pressure load such as valvular stenosis, systemic hypertension and pulmonary disease.

Answer 37

Concentric Hypertrophy

Question 38

Three stages of myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 38

1. initiation 2. stable hyperfunction 3. deterioration of function associated with degeneration of hypertrophied muscle

Question 39

maybe be single or multiple lesion mineralization will occur with Vit. D toxicosis.

Answer 39

Endocardial mineralization and endocardial fibrosis

Question 40

Fibrosis with or without mineralization will occur in heart chronically dilated with?

Answer 40

Johne's disease "jet lesions"

Question 41

Vit. D toxicosis and carcinogenic plants containing

Answer 41

Vit. D analogs (cestrum diurnum, Tristetum flavescens, Solanum torvum)