Pathology of CVD

Question 1

Atherosclerosis is

Answer 1

the build up of fatty material (cholesterol, calcium etc) to form an atheroma beneath the endothelium.

Question 2

As an atheroma grows, the artery

Answer 2

thickens and loses its elasticity

Question 3

When the diameter of the lumen is reduced, blood flow is restricted and this causes

Answer 3

increased blood pressure

Question 4

Atherosclerosis if a cause of various CVD’s including

Answer 4

angina, heart attack, stroke, peripheral vascular disease.

Question 5

Atheromas may rupture and damage the

Answer 5

endothelium

Question 6

Clotting factors are released when the

Answer 6

endothelium is damaged

Question 7

Clotting factors activate reactions which result in prothrombin being converted to

Answer 7

Thrombin

Question 8

Thrombin converts

Answer 8

Fibrinogen to Fibrin

Question 9

Fibrin threads can

Answer 9

form a meshwork to clot the blood

Question 10

A blood clot is known as a

Answer 10

thrombus

Question 11

The formation of a blood clot is known as

Answer 11

thrombosis

Question 12

A thrombosis in a coronary artery may lead to a

Answer 12

heart attack

Question 13

A thrombosis in an artery in the brain may lead to a

Answer 13

stroke

Question 14

A blood clot can deprive cells of oxygen which can lead to

Answer 14

death of the tissues

Question 15

If a thrombus breaks loose it forms an

Answer 15

embolus

Question 16

Peripheral vascular disease is narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries in

Answer 16

the legs (or other parts of the body that are NOT the heart or brain)

Question 17

A DVT is a blood clot that forms in a

Answer 17

deep vein (usually in leg)

Question 18

If a DVT moves to the lungs it is known as a

Answer 18

Pulmonary Embolism

Question 19

Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in

Answer 19

cell membranes

Question 20

As well as being in cell membranes, cholesterol is used to make

Answer 20

sex hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Question 21

Cholesterol levels can increase if a person has a diet high in

Answer 21

saturated fats

Question 22

HDL transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to the

Answer 22

liver (for elimination)

Question 23

LDL transports cholesterol to

Answer 23

body cells

Question 24

If LDL deposits cholesterol in the arteries, it can lead to

Answer 24

the formation of atheromas

Question 25

To reduce blood cholesterol, there should be a higher ratio of

Answer 25

HDL to LDL

Question 26

Physical activity can raise

Answer 26

HDL levels

Question 27

Changing the levels of fat in the diet (and replacing saturated with unsaturated fats) can lead to a

Answer 27

decrease in cholesterol levels

Question 28

Drugs that reduce blood cholesterol are called

Answer 28

statins

Question 29

Atherosclerosis can lead to

Answer 29

cardiovascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease

Question 30

Glucagon activates the conversion of

Answer 30

glycogen to glucose

Question 31

Insulin activates the conversion of

Answer 31

glucose to glycogen

Question 32

A Glucose Tolerance Test is used to

Answer 32

diagnose diabetes

Question 33

Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in

Answer 33

childhood

Question 34

Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in

Answer 34

adulthood

Question 35

Obesity us a risk factor for

Answer 35

Cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes

Question 36

Accurate measurement of body fat requires the measurement of

Answer 36

body density

Question 37

Exercise can reduce CVD risk by....

Answer 37

controlling weight, minimising stress, reducing hypertension and improving HDL blood lipid profiles